To See, or Not to See. Evil Exists and Grows. - 973 Words

When a small amount of evil is seen yet disregarded, the ignorance breathes life. The evil grows and strengthens, gradually taking over any good that may be left. But when evil is all around and good is hard to come by, does that same evil now become normal? During a time of war, good people become killers and bad people become customary. The fine line between good and evil becomes blurred into a senseless smudge in the eye of reality. The good people now, whilst protecting their freedom and family, are simultaneously destroying the families of those unknown individuals who become numbered fatalities. Ignoring evil allows it to happen, but there comes a time when evil overpowers any good that may try to stop it. Like a single person†¦show more content†¦(Butcher, Mineka, and Hooley ). Wars breed new cases of PTSD regularly, from the bystanders who cannot find the communal strength to dampen the up rise of impending evil, to the soldiers who take lives to save their own. It c an be assumed that Georg Trakl experienced great stress while serving as a chemist in the Austrian army. His poem, â€Å"Grodek† was his last before he sadly took his own life, unable to live with the painful memories of being in Poland with those suffering soldiers whom he was unable to help. Trakl’s poem is a cry out for help, a vivid description of the blood that so many shed. His voice is noticeably depressed and mournful, wishing that things played out differently. When a man who wanted so badly to help his comrades and stop the war is powerless and vulnerable, post traumatic stress disorder can ensue, and prolong the suffering. To learn and grow from both the works of Georg Trakl and Bertolt Brecht, society needs to acknowledge the pain that is caused by war, regardless of position or innocence of character. War makes good people evil, and evil people stand out. There are no winners, yet everyone is susceptible to the suffering that follows. Although Martin Luthe r King suggests that our generation must repent the â€Å"silence and indifference of the good people†, we must also recognize that oneShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Delinquent Essay1102 Words   |  5 Pagesnot given the same sentences as adults when it comes to the punishment part. The argument for juvenile delinquents is, if they are born evil or is it part of the environment and or society. Are juveniles who commit a crime really naturally evil as many suggest, or are they their own products of the environment/society they live in? Are juveniles naturally born evil is a question that everyone asks. According to society every juvenile that commits a crime is born with it naturally. A Biological TheoryRead MoreThe Logical Problem Of Evil Essay1225 Words   |  5 PagesIn this paper I will discuss the logical problem of evil and how it seems to reject the existence of God as an omni-3 being. I will first layout the logical problem of evil, and then I will explain why it succeeds in disproving the existence of God. I do this through pointing out the contradictions between the definition of God as an omni-3 being and the problem of redeemed and unredeemed evil. As well as by proving that admittance of evil in any way when in reference to the choices of God invalidatesRead MoreThe Problem of Evil1648 Words   |  7 PagesThe problem of evil is the notion that, how can an all-good, all-powerful, all-loving God exists when evil seems to exist also. The problem of evil also gives way to the notion that if hell exists then God must be evil for sending anyone there. I believe both of these ideas that God can exist while there is evil and God is not evil for sending anyone to hell. I believe hell exists in light of the idea that God is holy and just. The larger is how anyone can go to heaven. I will try to answer the problemRead More Use of Allegory and Symbols in William Goldgings Lord of the Flies 1346 Words   |  6 Pagesallegorically shows the good and evil that co-exists in every human being.   Each character and symbol renders this possible by what it represents.   Ralph and Jack allegorically represent opposing political forces: Jack as the dictator or fascist and Ralph as the prototype of a democratic leader.   The island represents the archetypal garden and the conch shell represents power.   Golding uses British schoolboys to show progressive degeneration and to prove that a little bit of evil exists in all of us.   Each ofRead MoreNatural Evil826 Words   |  4 Pagesfree o f sin and where we could co-exist with wild animals, the lion with the sheep eating side by side and with us, without fear. I want to start form the beginning so we can understand how and when sin and evil entered the world. This happened when man (Adam) sinned against God; Adam disobeyed God by eating the fruit that God had said not to eat. There is way’s to see this problem of what we call evil, not sin since sin is against God. We can see in Job all the evil that came to him (it wasn’t fromRead MoreEssay on One Argument for Gods Existence1441 Words   |  6 Pagesexplanations that explain if God truly does exist. One such explanation is the Teleological Argument, which bases its explanation of the existence of God on the design and purpose of known things. For instance, we know that there are trees and plants, and that they need sunlight and water in order to grow. Those trees and plants grow from the ground, which is part of the earth. The earth is part of th e universe and God had created the universe hence God does exist. The universe works all too perfectRead MoreThe Argument Of God s Existence1737 Words   |  7 PagesBEST EXPLANATION Does God exist? This question has been in debate for centuries with many opposing views, some arising from philosophers on the same side while others refute Gods existence altogether. However for this particular paper I will be taking the best explanations approach. What I mean by this is I do not have proof of God’s existence but the existence of God is the best explanation for the universe around me. With this statement in mind we will discuss arguments in support of God’s existenceRead MoreEthics Is Subjective, Good, And Bad1746 Words   |  7 Pagesand protecting other people from harm. However, there are others on this earth that are raised to believe that killing and stealing is neutral and not evil in any way. This idea can be thought of as this: it is possible to grow up in the United States, where it is common knowledge of what neutral, good, and bad are. However it is also possible to grow up in a terrorist organization somewhere else in the world. Growing up in this type of environment would promote killing the innocent and stealing fromRead More Good and Evil in Beowulf Essay830 Words   |  4 PagesGood and Evil in Beowulf   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Beowulf, the conflict between good and evil is the poems main and most important aspect. The poet makes it clear that good and evil do not exist as only opposites, but that both qualities are present in everyone. Beowulf represents the ability to do good, or to perform acts selflessly and in help of others. Goodness is also showed throughout this epic as having the ability to cleanse evil. Even though evil is presented by Grendel, Grendels mother, andRead More Evil and Morality Essay1266 Words   |  6 Pagesdeal too many people; however does his existence mean that he can control evil and morality in humans? Human beings are born every second, minute, and hour of the day. Each human being born will hopefully grow up and make something of themselves, to ultimately become contributing members of society. In order to do so, each individual human being may battle what many before him or her may battle each day, and that is evil and morality and possibly the existence of a God that could control one or

Masculinity as Homophobia by Michael S. Kimmel - 1532 Words

As with a great majority of men in the world today, it is easier for me to give hugs than to accept them. This is not my own doing, but rather centuries of men before myself being taught that the outward expression of emotion, in any facet, was a direct form of weakness. This has led to adverse affects in regards to a new generation of man that I find myself apart of now. This belief has forged a lack of sentiment within men, all in the name of â€Å"being a man.† Do not take it the wrong way, as if to say a lack of compassion is a bad thing, they teach young men. It is actually the contrary in a growing market economy. As we shift to a more global marketplace, empathy of any sort is the cog in the wheel that holds a man back in an attempt to†¦show more content†¦Men are all putting on a mask, in an attempt to hide their true selves from other males. Kimmel suggest that society begins to use politics of inclusion or that the definition of manhood be widened to help en d the gender struggle. For good or for worse, young boys have continuously been shaped in history to suppress any femininity. Yes, centuries ago this was a very helpful trait seeing how wars were being waged and exploration was at its height, but like anything times have changed. Increases in feminist and LGBTQ movements have given men the ability to fully embrace who they really are, yet times have not caught up to this fact. Men continue to put on a faà §ade for one another that inhibit them. Behind closed doors, men are fully able to embrace their true selves, but the moment they are confronted with other males, the battle of machismo begins: If I catch any one man, and hes alone, I get along fine with him. But just let two of the guys get together an you wont talk. Jus nothing but mad†¦. Youre all scared of each other, thats what. Ever one of yous scared the rest is goin to get something on you (Steinbeck). There is a constant unspoken â€Å"battle of brawn† being waged by men in society. It is what causes us to have to get the fastest car or the cutest girl. There is always room to do better thanShow MoreRelatedMasculinity As Homophobia By Michael S. Kimmel898 Words   |  4 Pagesthat generation proceeded to teach their children the same thing. Although many views have changed, homophobia is still a big issue in society, no matter whom it is learned from. Essay 4 in The Matrix Reader â€Å"Masculinity as Homophobia† by Michael S. Kimmel explains the definition of manhood and how it has helped to create the concept of homophobia in a societal sense rather than a scientific one. Kimmel states that â€Å"Manhood is neither static nor timeless; it is historical,† and â€Å"†¦not the manifestationRead MoreHomophobia in Society1323 Words   |  6 PagesExplain and critique masculinity as homophobia. Homophobia: -noun irrational fear of, aversion to, hatred of, or discrimination against homosexuality or homosexuals. According to Merriam-Websters Medical Dictionary, that is the definition of homophobia. Interesting isnt it? to see homophobia on the same page as hepatitis, herpes, and HIV among others. Before this class I wouldnt have expected to find it there. I mean honestlyRead MoreGay, Latino, And Macho By Albert Serna Jr. And The Essay, Masculinity As Homophobia Essay1109 Words   |  5 PagesMacho† by Albert Serna Jr. and the essay â€Å"Masculinity as Homophobia† by Michael S. Kimmel, the authors both address how Masculinity and Homophobia are both effect by the gender scripts that are established by institutions. However, Kimmel and Serna bring light upon the issues in different manners. Kimmel states that Masculinity is a mental burden upon men who are unable to truly express themselves without being seen by society as a â€Å"sissy, untough, uncool† (Kimmel, 44). Consequently, this leads many heterosexualRead MoreMasculinity Theory1630 Words   |  7 PagesGoogl e defines masculinity as a possession of qualities traditionally associated with men, using, handsome, muscled, and driven, hes a prime example of masculinity as their example. Although this definition of masculinity is common, it is undeveloped and exclusive to other forms of masculinity. Sociologists such as Raewyn Connell, Eric Anderson and Michael Kimmel have formed their own theories and definitions of masculinity. In this course, we have read an excerpt from Eric Anderson’s, InclusiveRead MoreWhat Defines Our Gender? : Development Of A Societal Standard For Men1898 Words   |  8 Pagestimes are changing, Michael Kimmel firmly believes that the â€Å"Guy Code† is engrained in the minds of men forever; in fear of being emasculated, men will jump hurdles to prove themselves, even with the psychological repercussions. The profound idea of the â€Å"Guy Code† has been around for generations. When trying to clearly define the rules of the â€Å"Guy Code,† Kimmel revisited the work of Psychologist Michael Brannon. In 1976, Brannon summarized the four basic rules of masculinity in The Forty-Nine PerRead MoreEssay on Masculinity and Race1594 Words   |  7 PagesMasculinity and Race Historically, masculinity in the United States has been constructed as being White Protestant Anglo-Saxon, furthermore heterosexual and in charge of all matters, and this definition sets standards against which other men are measured an evaluated. Michael Kimmel provides a good definition: [†¦], Young, married, white, urban heterosexual, Protestant father of college education, fully employed, of good complexion, weight and height and a recent record in sports(271). Read MoreModern Day American Society By Aaron Devor s Bros Before Hos : The Guy Code ``1635 Words   |  7 PagesMeanings of Gender,† and Michael Kimmel’s â€Å"Bros Before Hos: The Guy Code,† both argue that the gender hierarchy America has been built upon is the product of socialization. Devor s essay, written more like a research paper, focuses on explaining the origins of the gender myth through well-researched scientific evidence and logos. To reflect his writing style, he mainly talks about the physical effects this has had on male and female characteristics. In his essay, Kimmel talks about The Bro CodeRead MoreMasculinity And Masculinity, By Michael Kimmel Essay1976 Words   |  8 Pagesmen are often subject to extreme methods of proving their masculinity, and to reinfor ce what it truly means to be a man. Michael Kimmel, famous sociologist said, â€Å"Masculinity is the relentless repudiation of the feminine† (Kimmel, 2015), which not only reflects how men think about themselves but how North Americans as an entire culture think about masculinity and manhood. The following pages will be centered on issues of the lens of masculinity in contexts such as the sphere of education, the predominanceRead MoreA World Engrossed By Blurbs And Snippets Essay1901 Words   |  8 Pagesman in today s world. This documentary is a film that parents need to be made aware of and need to be made to watch. There are eye-opening interviews with experts, inspiring teachers, athletes, and other role models. Young boys, teens, and grown men, also chime in, and discuss their experiences, both positive and negative. They often share moving, emotional, and intense memories and feelings. There are frank discussions and sometimes-graphic footage related to sexuality, homophobia, sexism, pornographyRead MoreSexuality is Socially Constructed Essay1885 Words   |  8 Pagesreproductive organs he/she possesses at birth. The gender one is expected to align themselves with is the one that tends to follow the established social guidelines for their sex. Thus, a male is one with a penis who, as Michael S. Kimmel relates in his article â€Å"Masculinity as Homophobia: Fear, Shame, and Silence in the Construction of Gender Identity,† is given power, wealth, and status in society, who must â€Å"never do anything that remotely suggests femininity,† who does not show emotions, and who â€Å"exudes

Proposal Argument Free Essays

â€Å"PLATOON†¦ DISMISSED! † said the platoon sergeant. Without skipping a heart beat a platoon of 45 marines responded â€Å"DISMISSED, I SIR! † They all took one step back, they smartly raised their right arms with elbows at a 45 degree bend, their fingers joined and aligned to the tip of their cover rendering a salute. The platoon sergeant saluted the platoon back and returned his arm back to his side. We will write a custom essay sample on Proposal Argument or any similar topic only for you Order Now In unison the platoon about faced and let out a thunderous â€Å"00H RAH! † It is payday Friday, two days of liberty waits with no signs of the typical angry Staff Sergeant or at least until Monday.There is no greater feeling of proudly serving this country, but getting paid in the process is definitely a plus. Being a single marine stationed in Beaufort, SC living in the barracks at the rank of E-4 with more than 3 years of active duty service makes a gross monthly income of 2,094 dollars (DFAS). A single marine’s married counterpart with the same rank of E-4, with the same amount of active duty service makes the same amount of monthly income, but he or she also receives an extra 1,179 dollars a month known as BAH or basic allowance for housing (VA). How is that fair to all the single military members of the United States?Other than supposedly finding love, what makes being married special in the military? The U. S military is the only organization that pays more if one has a family. Congress should implement a new bill that would allow single members of the service the option of living off base or choosing the housing allowance to match the rates of married military personnel. As a civilian working for Boeing or the Saint Mary’s county police department one wouldn’t get paid more because they have a spouse with 2 children. Income is determined by hourly rate times hours worked regardless of marital status.By giving single military personnel the option t o live off base, this would give them the opportunity to get away from the confines of the typical barracks room, where they have to follow the regulations of the barracks; keeping the rooms neatly organized as well as the weekly room inspections to make sure that the rules are being followed. Implementing this solution will not be a problem and should be accomplished fairly quickly. Once the single military member elects to live off base he or she would have to sign papers pertaining to their selection of moving off base.It will be routed up and signed by everyone in the chain of command. Now that everything has been signed and the decision is final. The BAH would then get deposited at the first of every month for the amount of the total rent. Those single military personnel are free to live where ever, with who ever, and how they want to. The next question would be what should we do with all the newly freed up space in the barracks? The barracks could possibly be converted into some sort of education center, complete with its own library and media centers for those military seeking higher education. Maybe having a communication room that allows spouses of those deployed to Iraq and other parts of the world to communicate with each other through video chat or something similar. These military installations can host fund raisers to help with the cost of building a new floor plan for the old barracks. Of course there will be some single military personnel that might not want to leave their comfort of their barracks room. They have the choice of living out in town and they refused that option. Next option would be to give them the BAH rate as if they were married.One might wonder and ask themselves why? How would this do any justice to solve the issue? First of all just by offering the married pay rate to the single members, it eliminates any complaints that arise from the initial difference in pay. Second, there are married military members who choose not to bring their families to live with them. In these circumstances they can move off base into a small apartment or they can reside in the barracks. But residing in the barracks requires them to pay a fee to live in those rooms.If all the singles start receiving BAH they too should be liable to pay for their own rooms. This will add revenue that in return can be used to beautify the surrounding areas of the barracks or can be used to help build the new floor plan for the future learning media center. The pay difference isn’t the only problem that exists in the branches of the armed forces. In recent investigations contract marriages are increasing in the service. Contract marriages are fraud and chargeable under federal law. As per the current order on BAH, in order to receive the BAH one has to be me married.If one is married, in love, and truly with their significant other then there is nothing to worry about, but if someone gets married for the sole purpose of getting extra cash now this becomes a problem. A contract marriage is a scheme to gain monetary gains from the United States government. On May 5, 2010, 17 people were indicted on charges which were a broad conspiracy scheme to recruit U. S. Navy personnel to engage in fraudulent marriages to Russian foreign nationals (Wavy-News). This show that the pay differences among the ranks and between single and married military members have some making terrible decisions. None the less the pay gap needs to be resolved in order to make everyone of equal rank and equal pay. It is obvious that in this time of declining enrollments the military must bring its compensation system more in line with that of private industry. Protecting and serving this great country is not an easy task. Congress has to realize that in order to have the troops ready to bear arms at a moment’s notice they must be compensated for justly; paying service members based on the work they do, not on their family size or marital status. How to cite Proposal Argument, Papers

Strategies For Achieving Hand Hygiene In A Clinical Setting†Free Samp

Question: Discuss about the Strategies For Achieving Hand Hygiene In A Clinical Setting. Answer: Introduction In every clinical setting, a safe delivery of healthcare is essential to enable a positive outcome for the patients and nurses. Clinical risk management helps in improving safe delivery and the quality of healthcare, as it introduces systems which aid in the identification and prevention of circumstances that can put patients at risk of any harm (Whitcomb, 2014). The knowledge and role of nurses in the management of clinical risks are hence very important so as to enable the identification of any possible risks not only to the patient but also to the general clinical setting. The aim of this paper is to show a clear demonstration of the evaluation and understanding regarding the role of nurse leadership based on managing clinical risks as well as the Australian Commission for Quality and Safety in the healthcare standards forAustralians. The paper focuses on the identification of relevant strategies that can be adopted within a clinical setting to improve the compliance of hand hygie ne and the implications of nurses in ensuring thatthe identified strategies are implemented. Strategies for Effective hand Hygiene According to Stock et al. (2016), healthcare-associated infections often occur when the disease-causing organisms are transferred when the hands of healthcare providers come into contact with patients and the infected areas during the process of duty. The same study points out that most of the common infections are related to surgical sites and urinary tract infections while infections of the bloodstream and pneumonia occur as a result of multi-drug resistant germs like MRSA. On the other hand, Waltman et al. (2011) denote that in every 100 patients hospitalized in a clinical setting, at least ten in developing countries and seven in developed countries will often acquire infections associated with healthcare. However, the figure often rises to thirty perhundredadmitted patients. For these reasons, Alemagno et al. (2011) indicate that practicing effective and continuous hand hygiene is essential in reducing these infections as well as any possible spread of antimicrobial resistance w ithin the workplace. With the increase in the level of resistance to key medicine and antibiotics in healthcare settings, Pan et al. (2016) point out that it is more necessary than ever to aim to reduce the number of avoidable hospital infections. As a result, prevention of cross-transmission of disease-causing germs is the best way of reducing the number of infections of this kind, as well as antimicrobial resistance. Ensuring hand hygiene is one essential strategy that can be adopted in a healthcare setting to protect staff from the related infections thus preventing the spread of resistant germs. Mortland (2016) also denotes that infection control and prevention is one of the key policy pillars recommended by the Australian Commission for Quality and Safety to combat the growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance. Other pillars recommended by the organization include appropriate and relevant national disease policies and plans as well as improving the surveillance of the pathogens causing resistant infections. The organization also recommends an uninterrupted access to high-quality and essential medication, proper use of prescribed medicine the patients, in addition to more training and research on new treatment developments. For effective hand hygiene strategies, the compliance by the Australian Commission for Quality and Safety consists of five major components. These include ensuring that the healthcare providers have access to alcohol-based hand rub for disinfection during hand washing, education and training forhealthcare workers on the essential times in the healthcare for hand hygiene, effective monitoring and feedback on compliance, creating a culture of attention to the safety of both healthcare workers and patients within healthcare institutions, and the use of visual reminders at different points of care in the workplace. In this scenario, the hand hygiene strategies recommended for healthcare include; Education: In many cases, Chhapola and Brar (2011) denote that many people often suffer due to a lack of understanding on the essentiality of hand hygiene,both inhospitalsand residences alike. Despite knowing the importance of hand hygiene in a clinical setting and the risks involved when it is not practiced, most clinical staff only practice hand washing after some specific procedures while ignoring other vital but risky roles within the healthcare setting. In a systematic review, Rahim and Barnett (2011) point out that the knowledge on hand hygiene should not be ignored despite medical staff having a professional awareness of the risks involved. According to the Australian Commission for Quality and Safety guidelines, hand washing should be practiced in five key areas when working with patients and preferably using an alcohol-based rub as a detergent or soap with water in a visibly dirty hand. Hands should be washed before touching any patients; before any cleaning or aseptic procedure, after the nurses contact withbody fluids, subsequent to touching a patient, and after touching the surrounding environment where the patient isin. The aforementionedstrategies of the Australian Commission for Quality and Safety are recommended by the Joint Commission International,the European and the US Centers for Disease Control, and all other health professional guidelines. In their review, Aunger and Schmidt (2012) also point out that these compliance guidelines to hand washing and hygiene have been implemented globally in over 15700 clinical settings in over 168 countries globally. The same study denotes that over 68 governments have based their hand hygiene campaigns on these guidelines. Installation of stainless steel sinks in designated areas of the hospital for hand-washing: The uses of stainless steelclinical sinks are some common healthcare fixtures known in hospitals and healthcare. According to Marques (2017), the sinks have a hard metallic surface that reduces the ability of the bacteria to adhere to the walls and survive when properly maintained, hence reducing the chances of microorganisms and molds that can cause infections. The same study denotes that it is often the first choice for use in strict hygienic conditions due to its cleanabilitythus recommended for hospital installations and healthcare. The use of Medi Sinks (figure 1) can also be adapted for easy use and maintenance, as it offers accessible facility for hand-washing, at a lower cost than what could have been quoted for installing plumbing materials (Deyneko et al., 2016). The strategy will also enable the organization to meet the requirement for hand-washing as per the Australian Commission for Quality and Safety guidelines for body art and personal care for healthcare providers. These sinks are easy to access, use, and maintain and often used as a cost-effective solution for hospitals with low budget according to Lorenzi (2017). Kotay et al. (2017) also denote that the sinks can be fixed or positioned at any appropriate location giving the users flexibility thus allowing the hand-wash basin to be placed where it is needed. Strategic relationship with the national standards and how they will increase compliance In their study, Lee and Greig (2010) signify that infections are often caused by various factors that are related to processes and systems of care provision and human behavior. These behaviors are often conditioned by economic, political, and educational constraints in addition to societal beliefs and norms. However, most of these infections are often preventive according to Kotay et al. (2017). The same studyshows that hand hygiene is the primary measure that should be adopted in hospitals, workplaces, and residential areas to reduce preventable infections. In their study, Rahim and Barnett (2011) denotethat proper hand hygiene compliance is a major challenge faced by many global healthcare providers. As a result, many approaches and strategies are recommended that can influence hand hygiene compliance in addition to new approaches and promotional strategies (Duval, 2010). In the case study, education will help in creating awareness amongst staff and the public who interact within the organization. Through education, they will have a clear evaluation and understanding of the nature of disease transmission while nurses will be more updated on drug resistance infections that can be easily prevented through simple but regular hand-washing. Education will also help in advocating for other essential health compliance guidelines that might have been neglected by staff but can have a direct or indirect effect on their health as well as that of the patient. The management of the organization together with the staff will also have education forums, campaigns, and events that will not only help them to adopt change within the organization, but would also encourage the public (visitors, patients, friends, and families) to practice hand-washing in their residences. According to the Australian Commission for Quality and Safety guidelines, health and safety of the staff and patients should be the number one goal of every healthcare provider or organization. As a result, the resources and facilities that are vital for achieving this standard should always be safe and accessible to all within the healthcare facility as per Kotay et al. (2017). Adapting the use of sinks within the organization is necessary while the management should always ensure that the sinks have safe and clean water constantly running for hand-washing at all times. As the sinks are placed or fixed in accessible locations with alcohol-based detergent or soap, the service is made available to for use to ensure hand hygiene and hence increases the compliance as per the guidelines. Implications for Professional Nursing Practice in the Implementation of the Strategies According to Tsalik et al. (2011), hand hygiene is considered among the most important measures that should be adopted in both clinical and residential settings with the aim of preventing the spread of infections. Research proves that one in five hospitals do not fully comply with the strategies and guidelines recommended for healthcare settings (Duval, 2010). However, Barrow, Mehler, and Price (2012) refute this claim by blaming the management of these organizations for their failure to ensure these strategies are in place. According to him, the commitment of leadership in hand hygiene should be engaging and visible to the public and the organization through hand hygiene education, formal communication, event sponsorships, and promotions. However, professional nursing practices often view hand hygiene as a common-sense concept refuting the saying common sense is not common for everybody. In this case, the Nursing Unit Department should establish continuous and periodical monitoring and report on the rate of infections such as the emerging drug-resistant pathogens and tracking endemics that are related to hand hygiene for nurses and patients. In his study, Kingston, O'Connell, and Dunne (2017) denote that it is an essential aspect of the professional nursing practices to help in creating a multidisciplinary response and design team led by the senior leaders within the organization with the aim of making emphasis on the commitment of the organization towards hand hygiene compliance. Such a multidisciplinary response is essential for providing a base of training and education for the patients, staff, visitors, and families as well as creating awareness on hand hygiene through brochures, instructive posters, and pocket cards as pointed out by Lee and Greig (2010). With sinks designed at strategic points within the clinical setting, training and awareness strategies, the use of the sinks for hand-washing before and after essential produces will increase. With the help of leadership, professional nurses should also ensure that relevant resources for hand hygiene can be easily accessed throughout the organizations including corridors for patient care, exits and entrance points of the staff and patient rooms. In a systematic review, Whitcomb (2014) denotes that making the hand hygiene resources available helps in reinforcing the accountability and behavioral adoption for hand-washing not only among the staff but even the public (patients, visitors, and families). The same study denotes that other organizations have often been successful in conducting various contests and later recognizing the healthcare workers and medical staff who comply with the hand hygiene guidelines. Ford et al. (2014) also assert that there is a need of developing a continuous monitoring program that would post weekly or monthly compliance information in the clinic websites and units, and discuss the findings with staff during regular professional meetings. Such strategies will be beneficial in encouraging the use of sinks and the understanding of the importance of detergents used with the aim of reducing hand hygiene related infections. Conclusion In summary, although it is accepted that hand hygiene is one of the most critical patient and staff safety practices in reducing infections associated with healthcare settings, there is a low compliance with the practice in many healthcare providers. Many studies have different concepts concerning the hand hygiene compliance with interventions lacking in most organizations. However, healthcare-associated infections are caused by various factors and affect millions of patients and professionals globally every year. These infections can lead to more complicated illnesses, induced long-term health complications, high cost of care forpatients and their families, the massive financial burden on the healthcare systems, prolonged hospital stay, and tragic loss of life in worst cases. Education is hence necessary for both the staff and public, with the aim of creating awareness on the basic knowledge of hand hygiene and the importance of thorough hand washing before or after handling a patie nt. Installation of sinks is also an effective strategy, as it provides easy access for hand washing, in designated places. References Alemagno, S. A., Guten, S. M., Warthman, S., Young, E., Mackay, D. S. (2010). Online Learning to Improve Hand Hygiene Knowledge and Compliance Among Health Care Worker's.Journal Of Continuing Education In Nursing,41(10), 463-471. Aunger, R., Schmidt, W. (2012).Experimental Pretesting of Hand-Washing Interventions in a Natural Setting.American Journal Of Public Health,99S405-S411. Barrow, B., Mehler, P., Price, C. (2012). A communications campaign designed to improve hand hygiene compliance and reduce infection rates.Journal Of Communication In Healthcare,2(1), 61-77. Chhapola, V., Brar, R. (2015).Impact of an educational intervention on hand hygiene compliance and infection rate in a developing country neonatal intensive care unit.International Journal Of Nursing Practice,21(5), 486-492. doi:10.1111/ijn.12283 Deyneko, A., Cordeiro, F., Berlin, L., Ben-David, D., Perna, S., Longtin, Y. (2016).Impact of sink location on hand hygiene compliance after care of patients with Clostridium difficile infection: a cross-sectional study.BMC Infectious Diseases,161-7.doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1535-x Duval, L. (2010). CNE: Continuing Nursing Education. Infection Control 101.Nephrology Nursing Journal,37(5), 485-489. Ford, E. e., Boyer, B. T., Menachemi, N., Huerta, T. R. (2014). Increasing Hand Washing Compliance With a Simple Visual Cue.American Journal Of Public Health,104(10), 1851-1856. Kingston, L. l., O'Connell, N. H., Dunne, C. P. (2017). Survey of attitudes and practices of Irish nursing students towards hand hygiene, including handrubbing with alcohol-based hand rub.Nurse Education Today,5257-62. Kotay, S., Weidong, C., Guilford, W., Barry, K., Mathers, A. J. (2017). Spread from the Sink to the Patient: In Situ Study Using Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)-Expressing Escherichia coli To Model Bacterial Dispersion from Hand-Washing Sink-Trap Reservoirs.Applied Environmental Microbiology,83(8), 1-12. doi:10.1128/AEM.03327-16 Lee, M. B., Greig, J. D. (2010). A Review of Gastrointestinal Outbreaks in Schools: Effective Infection Control Interventions.Journal Of School Health,80(12), 588-598. Lorenzi, N. (2017). Hospital plumbing system advances.Health Facilities Management,30(3), 41-44. Marques, R., Gregrio, J., Pinheiro, F., Pvoa, P., da Silva, M. M., Lapo, L. V. (2017). How can information systems provide support to nurses' hand hygiene performance? Using gamification and indoor location to improve hand hygiene awareness and reduce hospital infections.BMC Medical Informatics Decision Making,171-16.doi:10.1186/s12911-017-0410-z Mortland, S. (2012). Hospitals taking extra care in preventing infections.Crain's Cleveland Business,28(49), 7. Pan, S., Sheng, W., Tien, K., Chien, K., Chen, Y., Chang, S. (2016). Promoting a Hand Hygiene Program Using Social Media: An Observational Study.Journal Of Medical Internet Research,18(2), 1. doi:10.2196/publichealth.5101 Rahim, R. A., Barnett, T. (2013).Reducing nosocomial infection in neonatal intensive care: An intervention study.International Journal Of Nursing Practice,15(6), 580-584. doi:10.1111/j.1440-172X.2009.01800.x Stock, S. s., Tebest, R. r., Westermann, K. k., Samel, C. c., Strohbcker, B. b., Stosch, C. c., ... Redalli, M. m. (2016). Implementation of an innovative hands-on training to improve adherence to hygiene rules: A feasibility Study.Nurse Education Today,36407-411. Tsalik, E. L., Cunningham, C. K., Cunningham, H. M., Lopez-Marti, M. G., Sangvai, D. G., Purdy, W. K., ... Hendershot, E. F. (2011). An Infection Control Program for a 2011 Influenza A H1N1 Outbreak in a University-Based Summer Camp.Journal Of American College Health,59(5), 419-426. Waltman, P. A., Schenk, L. K., Martin, T. M., Walker, J. (2011). Effects of Student Participation in Hand Hygiene Monitoring on Knowledge and Perception of Infection Control Practices.Journal Of Nursing Education,50(4), 216-221. Whitcomb, K. k. (2014). Using a Multidimensional Approach to Improve Quality Related to Students Hand Hygiene Practice.Nurse Educator,39(6), 269-273.

Bailey White Essay Research Paper Adventures on free essay sample

Bailey White Essay, Research Paper Adventures on the Way Back Home, and Quite a Year for Plums, writer Bailey White offers readers an ask foring safety from our progressively fast-paced society. Using wit, White transports the reader to the rural South, where the scene, the manner of life, and the characters the reader meets contrast strikingly with life in the typical Northern metropolis. Bailey White? s South has a warm and hospitable atmosphere, a pleasant option to cold, bustling, Northern metropolitan centres. As a cousin of the Whites puts it when she calls from Philadelphia to denote she? ll be sing nightlong, ? ? I? ve heard so much about Southern cordial reception. Now I will be able to see it for myself? ? ( Mama, 48 ) . The linguistic communication in Bailey White? s Hagiographas besides delectations, particularly her characters? mode of speech production, which contains many funny Southern looks. My friends surely would non state ? persnickety? ( Sleeping, 125 ) , ? doodlebugs? ( Sleeping, 9 ) , ? junkets? ( Mama, 60 ) , describe a nine as a? tough jook articulation? ( Mama, 3 ) , or state, ? ? She sho? ain? T gon? sit no ferry here? ? ( Mama, 62 ) ! Located in South Georgia, in the back countries, White? s characters are allowed to make what they please without judgement from neighbouring yuppies glowering down from their balconies. The small town? ? is a topographic point where they are sort to one another and indulgent of eccentricities? ( Publishers Weekly, 30 March 1998 ) . The consequence is ? endearing true narratives about rural South Georgia? ( Publishers Weekly, 1 March 1993 ) on topics every bit quirky as bathing tubs and Porsches on porches, backyard encampment, and road-kill suppers. After reconstructing their bathroom Bailey and Mama happen that their bathing tub won # 8217 ; t tantrum in it any longer. Alternatively of put ining a shower, they leave the bathing tub on the porch. Bailey explains that? with the summer solstice # 8217 ; s afternoon zephyr blowing through the high pine forests and the aroma of the lilies, it # 8217 ; s a lovely topographic point for a easy bath? ( Mama, 25 ) . Joining the bathing tub on the porch is a 1958 Model 356 Speedster in original status, because the driver refused to? ? merely park it out behind the garden with those two tractors and that thing that might hold been a lawnmower? ? ( Mama, 21 ) . When divine, Mama can ( and does ) travel bivouacing in the wilderness. Bailey, nevertheless, doesn # 8217 ; Ts have to worry about her aging female parent entirely on a trip: their backyard is wilderness plenty for bivouacing. ? At dark I could see a bantam freshness from her fire. And merely at morning, if I went out to the border of the grazing land and listened really carefully I could hardly hear her singing? Meet Me in St. Louis? ? ( Mama, 38 ) . Mama, whether bivouacing or non, can acquire fast-food for dinner, Southern-style: route putting to death. White and Mama have? feasted non merely doves, Meleagris gallopavos, and quail, but redbreasts, squirrels, and, merely one time, a possum, ? but Bailey draws the line at serpents, even when her ma protests ? ? But it was still jiggling when I got at that place # 8230 ; Let # 8217 ; s seek it merely this one time. I have a white sauce with Anethum graveolens and mustard? ? ( Mama, 39 ) . Despite the epicure sauce, Bailey refuses to eat any carnal her mom brings in without certification # 8211 ; the theoretical account and tag figure of the auto that struck it # 8211 ; to guarantee her of a recent putting to death. While chronicling small-town civilization, White manages to do me laugh out loud, which is rather a effort for an writer. The amusing scenes from the little town of Thomasville will non merely produce laughter, but a yearning to travel to such a quaint small town. Alternatively of traveling into the Instant Care Facility, a modern walk-in medical clinic, one can, as Mama did, take advice from ? ? sawboness, I # 8217 ; vitamin Ds say, from the sum of blood and encephalons on those white coats, ? ? who were really meatmans on their coffin nail interruption ( Mama, 23 ) . The provincial facets of life in Thomasville are apparent in Plums, in the extent of involvement and pride community members exhibit when Roger appears in a exposure in the April edition of the Agrisearch magazine. At the Pastime Restaurant the waitresses tape up Roger # 8217 ; s image next to the? In Case of Choking? posting, Meade makes a mat for his image out of building paper left from her schoolteaching yearss, Hilma transposes Roger? s image onto two colour exposures for an artistic consequence, Eula puts the magazine exposure on her icebox, and others prop it up on their windowsills ( Plums, 4 ) . The item in Bailey White? s narratives come from her ain experiences populating in Thomasville, particularly in her foremost two books, Mama and Sleeping, which are both autobiographical. ? In my ain town I know the narrative of every losing organic structure portion: an ear in an car accident, a in-between finger in a misreckoning at a tabular array proverb, a pollex in a monster accident affecting a white Equus caballus and a Chrysler coupe? ( Sleeping, 5 ) . Since White? s books are set in the rural South, nature is a portion of mundane life. ( What a contrast to mundane life in our Northern metropolis, which typically finds us driving down treeless, paved streets, darting from place to work to the supermarket! ) The primary concerns of the characters in White? s Hagiographas are non measures and work, but include workss and domestic animate beings. ? [ White? s ] sketchs illuminate? the huge satisfaction that can be derived from an grasp of nature? ( Publishers Weekly, 17 April 1995 ) . In Plums about all of the characters? occupations relate to nature. Roger is a works diagnostician ; Tom and Gawain are Foresters ; Lewis is an bird watcher ; and Della pigments native birds ( nine ) . The remainder of the characters often garden, all ain Peterson Field Guide? s ( 160 ) , and are vehemently opposed to environmentally unfriendly techniques like slash-and-burning ( 158-9 ) . Southerners are known for their slow address, their Southern drawl ( particularly decelerate compared to fast-talking New Yorkers ) . In White? s books the manner of life is besides slowed-down, with small force per unit area and plentifulness of clip to prosecute activities of import to the characters. Critics notice the slow gait, stating, ? nil much happens [ in Plums ] ? ( Publishers Weekly, 30 March 1998 ) , ? the characters wear? Ts do a batch [ in Plums ] ? ( Friedman ) , and? Sleeping at the Starlite Motel celebrates the value? of lives that proceed at their ain gait? ( Fichtner ) . Making? nil much? is the life the characters have chosen, though ; they like the slower gait. Mama loves to? sit in her reclining chair all twenty-four hours, reading the UFO newssheet, listening to the wireless, and pulling decisions? ( Mama, 41 ) . Bailey loves to garden ; she put five old ages into making a wild flower hayfield, a time-consuming procedure because, as the? more responsible works catalogues? admitted, ? we have non been able to develop a mixture suited for Zone 9? ? ( Mama, 160-5 ) . Bailey, ? in the bondage of that good old rural community spirit, ? besides has the clip to do a? baronial gesture, ? going a voluntary fireman ( Mama, 177 ) . Besides indulging their ain involvements and caprices, White? s characters take the clip to care for others. Mama campaigned for Vernon Bryan, working? harder and harder? as election clip grew closer: ? She drove her old pickup truck into town every twenty-four hours to adult male run central offices, and she spent hours analyzing elector enrollment lists and naming on the phone to press people to vote. She volunteered for everything? ( Mama, 139-140 ) . Mama besides taught Luther, whose jam caused Bailey to hotfoot over to the sink and rinse her oral cavity out, the basicss of cookery, get downing with? Jams and Gelatins, ? traveling on to? Pickles and Conserves, ? so to? Biscuits and Pastry, ? and eventually? Sauces, Marinades, Shellfish, and Game? . Souffl # 1081 ; s? . Desserts? ( Mama, 151-155 ) . Bailey took clip to listen to old Mrs. Bierce with the roving oculus, and to see Mrs. Helgert, digesting her frequent ejaculations of? Hot? Honey! That was a hot dark? ( Sleeping, 38-41 ) . Meade and Hilma looked after Roger? s house when his childhood Equus caballus Squeaky died. ? ? He must be relieved of all the small family jobs # 8211 ; laundry, the readying of repasts, clean housing undertakings. He should come place at dark to a bright clean place, a supper warm on the dorsum of the range, and his bed turned down, ? ? said Meade, sketching her elaborate program to take attention of Roger ( Plums, 148 ) . The activities the characters choose in their free clip show the importance of relationships. In Plums, ? a capturing narrative of human dealingss? ( Haddock ) , ? White? s 14 or so characters are introduced and identified as they would be in any little town in the South: by their household relationships to others in the rural Georgia community? ( Publishers Weekly, 30 March 1998 ) , therefore demoing the weight of household. In Sleeping, after Great Aunt El disappears twice and complains of elephants and shades, Bailey and Mama go concerned about her and make up ones mind it? s? clip to acquire person to look after her? ( 47 ) . Reminding Bailey that? ? Blood is thicker than H2O, ? ? Mama succeeds in conveying El? s nephew Ralph down to remain with her ( 49 ) . Unlike our male-dominated society, strong adult females dominate White? s universe. The adult females are independent, with no demand for matrimony. They handle everything themselves, even if it means creeping under the house in? high-topped boots laced up tight, a polo-neck shirt, and a ski mask? ( to protect oneself from spiders, of class ) to travel the telephone doodly-squat ( Mama, 34 ) . All of the characters in White? s books are single, which appears to be all right with the adult females, but the not-so-strong work forces show a yearning to be married. As Dean Routhe repeatedly said, ? Men need married womans? ( Plums, 211 ) . Ever since Ethel left Roger? the adult females in town have worried about Roger? . Hilma and Meade discuss him at their hebdomadal readings. Eula frets over his public assistance # 8211 ; non to advert his appetency? ( Haddock ) . Within one twelvemonth after Ethel left Roger, Ethel has two work forces craving after her while another adult female has left Roger. The characters in White? s books, peculiar but delicious, propertyless but educated, and apprehension and accepting of themselves and each other, present a refreshing contrast to the conforming, pretentious man of the worlds who inhabit our Northern metropoliss. At the caput of the long list of far-out characters is Mama, who attracts bird watchers ( Mama, 12 ) , who so use Bailey? s 102 degree hectic organic structure to incubate wild Meleagris gallopavo eggs. Other memorable characters include the haunted compositor who feels personally called to salvage disappearing fonts, Louise, who thinks letters and twine will lure animals from outer infinite, the hippy fruit tree adult male with the Christs-thorn trees, and stateless Elmer who can merely speak to Equus caballuss. Modern society is in the Information Age, in which engineering demands more and more of us. The mean workweek is 49 hours, and many alleged successful attorneies, physicians, and business communities often work ten, 20, or even 30 hours more. Even to make the hiring phase takes a competitory thrust and long hours analyzing. It is non surprising, so, when Bailey says, ? Over the coevalss my household has metastasized from that hill to lower musca volitanss all over the county. Once members of the leisure category, we are now husbandmans, carpenters, instructors, and mechanics? ( Mama, 54 ) . Bailey? s Aunt Eleanor recalls, after a minor plumbing catastrophe of her ain, how granduncle Melville? ? Shooting right through the ceiling medallion? and landed in the tomato aspic? ? ( Sleeping, 9 ) . Bailey admits, ? There? s no denying that our household luck frittered off, the large house sold. We are likely non up to a second-floor plumbing catastrophe affecting pendants and crown castings? ( Sleeping, 10 ) , which is what Aunt Eleanor says shows manner, category, and engendering. Although non up to showy plumbing catastrophes, White? s characters are educated. Hilma and Meade have a 50-year rite of reading together every Thursday of every May ( Plums, 17 ) . On summer field daies Lucy would read Pride and Prejudice out loud. Mama reads The Naked Lunch and decides she? s? ? tired. I? m tired of take a breathing the kernel of a sheep crease ; I? m tired of learning babes to knit ; I? m tired of being set upon by crazed Christians one minute and unchecked debauchees the following? ( Mama, 38 ) . ? Two of the characters [ in Plums ] are retired school teachers to whom the classics of literature are day-to-day comrades ; in fact, most of the characters, no affair how low, quote lines from celebrated poesy or prose and are knowing about workss, flowers, birds and animate beings? ( Publishers Weekly, 30 March 1998 ) . White? s characters are besides neither pretentious nor mercenary. When Aunt Eleanor is pouting over the modest plumbing catastrophe Bailey buys her a $ 60 ticker and a linen skirt, and tells her that nowadays people justice non by plumbing catastrophes but by apparels, autos, and holidaies ( Sleeping, 10 ) . Aunt Eleanor, nevertheless, is non impressed: ? ? I guess I? m merely old-fashioned? ? ( Sleeping, 10 ) . When Meade and Hilma name on a new household, the adult females brags about her bird of Jove statues # 8211 ; ? ? exact reproduction of a certain palace in England? they were non inexpensive? ? ( Plums, 156 ) . Subsequently Meade brings up a house she peculiarly liked, explicating, ? No pretense at that place? ( Plums, 159 ) . The key to White? s narratives is her characters # 8217 ; wisdom: apprehension that timeworn truths are deserving paying attentiveness to. When priggish Aunt Eleanor comes over for dinner, she praises the bird. ? ? The quail are delightful? I haven? T found a individual piece of shooting. How do you pull off it? ? ? Intersection of 93 and Baggs Road, ? recites Mama. ? Green late theoretical account pickup, Florida ticket. Have another 1. And some rice, El? ? ( Mama, 40 ) . White? s narratives? offer us bits of wit in the largest sense, written with an? frequently self-mocking compassion? ( Trachtman ) . White opens up for her readers a different universe, one without many of the raging traits of modern society: dull, grey scenery, traffic, impersonal contact, dismaies, cell phones, male-dominance, uniformity, pretense, struggle, philistinism, censoring, isolation, and superficial relationships. She reminds us of a life that, in most topographic points, has ceased to be and invites us to return to its amenitiess in the pages of her books.

Foundations of Greek Mythology Essays

Foundations of Greek Mythology Essays Foundations of Greek Mythology Paper Foundations of Greek Mythology Paper Essay Topic: Prometheus Have you ever wondered where the saying, Between a rock and a hard place comes from? Well, the Greek culture answers that question and many more about the American culture and the Greeks. The Greeks gave Americans a lot of our language and beliefs, and by reading some Greek mythology, you can learn what all they had to offer. The definition of a myth is an attempt to explain the unexplainable. A myth has so much to offer, it shows the history, values, and the beliefs about the natural and supernatural. First is history, in mythology, people were created when created a man, named Prometheus, from dust. Well, gave man the ability to stand upright and also gave him fire. Well this made mad; and the punishment was a woman named Pandora, who was the first woman created. She carried around a box and was not supposed to open it. Well one day, her curiosity got to her, and she opened the box. Out of the box came the evils that still fill the world today. One can see the parallel between christianitys creation story and this one. Another story about history is that of the Trojan War. It was set in Troy, and was an epic battle that lasted ten years. The story of one mans journey to and from this war, Odysseus, is told in the story The Odyssey. Many things can be learned from this story and will be shown in the next few paragraphs. : Second are values, which are things that a culture honors. Here are some values that the Greeks honored and the stories that told them: Curiosity can be dangerous, from Prometheus and Pandora, because of Pandoras curiosity evil was let into the world. Choices equal consequenses and jealousy equals selfishness, from Medusa, because the king was so jealous and wanted Perseus mother he ended up dying. Obeying your parents or following wise advice, from Daedalus and Icarus, because if Icarus would have listened to his father, he wouldn have died.

Assault, Battery, and Crimes against Persons Assignment

Assault, Battery, and Crimes against Persons - Assignment Example This means that there are different degrees of battery depending on the seriousness of the harm inflicted. Assault is not considered anything beyond threats without any physical harm. However, the reason why most of the jurisdictions consider both crimes together is because when one commits battery, they first have the intention of causing harm followed by threats and then they the physical harm is caused. While assault is executed verbally, battery goes beyond to involve both verbal and physical harm (FindLaw, 2014). To draw a clear distinction between battery and assault an example is ideal. An example of an assault is seen when an individual intimidates another and threatens to kill them. However, the person threatening the other does not inflict any physical harm to them. On the other hand, the case of (A) can be regarded as battery where the attacker inflicts harm to (A) by dragging him and ripping off her clothes. The action taken by (A) cannot be considered as assault neither battery since he was on self-defense when he hit the attacker with a rock and ran away. The attacker should be punished for having committed both battery and assault to (A). This is because he had the intention to harm and went ahead to engage in a physical act that was geared towards causing fear and bodily harm to (A). The actions of (A) cannot be regarded as either assault or battery because they were attacked and reacted to the actions of the attacker by using a self-defensive mechanism. The assault and consequent battery against (A) could be narrowed down to consensual touching if the attacker did not inflict any form of harm or create any fear of harm to (A). This is based on the view that the attacker did not have any evil motive of inflicting injury to (A), neither did they attempt to harm them verbally. In consensual touching, the victim (A), should be willing to talk to the attacker without being forced to do

Case Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Case Studies - Essay Example It is understood that the recent wave of expansion that has hit the European travel market has been an application of strategic tools and techniques in order to achieve the organizational objectives of profit maximization, increased customer base and cost efficiency. According to the information presented by Page and Connell (2006: p129) the vast scope of the European travel market is such that 53% of the population residing in the continent were reportedly away on holiday with most holiday goers belonging to the western region of the continent which essentially represents the differences in incomes and savings of individuals residing in various parts of Europe. As per the guidelines set by strategic management, major tour operators in Europe have benefitted from various modes of integration in order to obtain a larger share of the overall market. Page and Connell (2006: p130) identify that due to the adoption of such practices of horizontal and vertical integration the landscape of the travel market in Europe is dominated by certain key players in the industry of which TUI AG and Thomas Cook AG are standout contenders on the list. As highlighted earlier, aspects of strategic management are pivotal to an organization’s success and this statement is also applicable within the context of major European tour operators. The tools, techniques and procedures that are involved in the assessment of a company’s internal analysis are used to define its value creating process and uncover its strategic capabilities. The implementation of these techniques consequently defines the optimal distribution of resources in an organization so that the achievement of economic advantages may guide the business towards prosperity and success (Bensoussan and Fleisher 2012). The purpose of this paper is to effectively utilize the tools of internal analysis which are, Value Chain Analysis and Balanced Scorecard with regards to the European tour operators TUI AG and Thomas C ook AG respectively. Accordingly, the concluding section of the paper examines the key aspects of the internal analysis to provide suitable suggestions and recommendations in the light of the discussion. 2. Value Chain Analysis According to Bensoussan and Fleisher (2012) the procedure which follows the implementation of a Value Chain Analysis can be described as a series of activities that are undertaken to guide products from the stage of inception till they are delivered to the final customers. Henceforth, the division of the Value Chain Analysis is based on the categories of primary activities and support activities which must be initiated for the achievement of various organizational objectives. This section of the paper focuses on the Value Chain Analysis for TUI AG on the basis of the aforementioned categories. The primary activities of the business can be examined on the basis of several categories that are classified as inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, mark eting and sales and service. The inbound logistics of TUI AG include: aircrafts, hotels, cruise ships and cruise liners. Accordingly, the operations of the business can be defined under the categories of tourism, travel and hospitality services. Outbound logistics of TUI AG are highly extensive which reflects the vast scope of its global operations, infrastructures comprising of the outbound facilities are travel agencies, airlines, retail stores, high street

The effect of an outsider telling the story of Oscar Wao Essay

The effect of an outsider telling the story of Oscar Wao - Essay Example The book will also discuss why the author revealed the name of the narrator much later in the book instead of doing it at the very beginning of retelling the book. Oscar’s story starts with the description of Oscar’s childhood years. It shows readers how folks were proud of Oscar as a child for his unique ability to draw attention of the girls all time round. Right from the start, the story has a pinch of Spanish. Spanish was introduced into the story to give it a Dominican rusty style. In fact, while reading the story reader can come across lines such as Ese muchacho esta bueno! (That boy is good) or Gordo asqueroso (Disgusting Fat). Diaz incorporates these few words of Spanish with one single objective - to light up the bullied Dominican emotions of Oscar. Diaz does not reveal the identity of the narrator (Yunior) till we read half of the book. Only after half of the book is over reader has a chance to see the narrator. While some would refer to this technique of hidi ng a real narrator as stupid I would say that the author had reasons use such technique. This technique is brilliant for two reasons. Reason number one – such tactics enabled author to focus the attention of readers on the emotions and experience of Oscar and his close friends rather than on personality of narrator. Second reason – Diaz had a choice not to include Yunior into the story. However, if the story had been narrated by someone from Oscar’s family, readers would have only one choice - to concentrate their attention on the narrator rather than on the story itself. In this case Oscar will have no other choice than to include Yunior in the list of his friends. Desire to arise the feeling of curiosity is the main reason why Diaz chooses to have an outsider as the main narrator of the book. This measure helps the author to keep the main focus on Oscar as well as on his family and friends. The book reveals reader a lot of important information about Oscarâ₠¬â„¢s identity. When you’re about halfway through the book, you have a chance to reveal additional information about narrator’s identity. This identity is best expressed through Oscar’s words. Once narrator’s identity is revealed, the author adds Yunior to the story. Yunior is represented as Lola’s (Oscar’s sister) boyfriend. This kind of representation helps Oscar to bring Yunior closer to the family. This measure is taken in order to give reader a chance to get an insight into what is going between these two people. The book has a mesmerizing impact on the readers due to a number of reasons. The main reason is that this book keeps readers engrossed in the book all the time. The story is portrayed in such a manner that it grips attention of the audience from the very start. This grip lasts till the very end of the book. Oscar meets Yunior at the point of life when he has reached a certain level of identity development. At this level of iden tity development Oscar no longer worries about people who make fun of him or calling him name. This is so largely because Oscar he has made peace with all these things. After a period of communication with Oscar, Yunior starts to change his attitude to Oscar. Yunior even catches himself at the point when he starts to like Oscar for his inner character. The story takes a dramatic turn when Yunior starts

History Of The Body Area Networks

History Of The Body Area Networks Abstract In the recent few years there is tremendous advancement especially in the field of integration circuit, small sensors and in the wireless networks.in body area networks (BANs) these devices considerably suitable for integrating in any scenario like health monitoring , in sport, and even in military prospective due to its considerable light weight , low power, and sensing capability. BANs provide cheap, reliable, and scalable system for monitoring daily activities for short to long period of time. But still there are a number of challenges issues like integration of devices, system designing according to the user scenario, security and privacy of the data, modification and social issues must be resolved in order for BANs to become ubiquitous. In our report we discus BANs background, its applications, and relationship. Introduction BANs (Body Area Networks) is a combination of micro and advanced Nano technology components for to improve the speed and accuracy of data recording. Generally BANs consist of small but sensitive sensors and actuators for monitoring and log data, then data sent to base station for storage. Users can access to this data in base station via internet or by other mean. BANs are actually a modern invention and primarily design for health industry (doctor and other staff) to monitor the health status. By taking the benefit of this technology we can monitor much more closely patients with chronic diseases like, asthma and diabetes. Doctor update the patients record quickly and efficiently to store general information of patients health. In United States and other part of Europe, they made different pilot programs to monitoring patients health status. They introduced bracelet with chips and antennas that can used to follow the patient position. They attached antennas on patient cloths to track him in the hospital and it send alert when he begins to collapse. A company is currently working on a project Healthy Aims [1] which focused on body devices that helps millions of people. Body Area Networks take low power radio frequencies (RF) and transfer the data of patients in real time. Doctors are able to monitor and change the setting for specific deployed devices on the body to improve the performance devices as well patient health. Pacemaker devices was produce 1960s have to endure pain and stress of surgery because it setup as a part of the body and send the patient health situation to RF transceiver, where it send directly to the doctor. This time interval always up to date the doctor about patient. By BANs Doctor an d his staff can access to patient record at any time so they dont need to visit the patient or patient dont need to visit the clinic, it is a good method in prospective of save time and money by visiting the clinic many time during the month or weeks. BANs is extremely compact and may be complex by its design, but as the sensor devices are very unassertive and a patient will be able to live a normal life. All sensors have same controlable mechanism like same element, power supply, and wireless transceivers. But they are design in such method that they can self-govern for the entire life [2]. They are designed for the measurement of temperature, movement, and location. Sensor and actuator implanted inside the body and they interact wirelessly each others in BANs and process data is transmitted from implanted devices to external devices. Mechanism of a actuator is like environmental agent. In BANs the data passes through sensor to sensor then sent to it base station where it can be transmitted to recipient via internet. 2 Body Area Networks History History about the body area network is not so old to go back many years to find out some material about BANs, taking advantages of some tiny useful technology in this sense is a new and unique idea. A number of different groups was work on PAN(personal area network) in Massachusett Institute of technology and that later grew out of the work on 1990s. The group actually wanted to get the information by interconnect different appliance on the body and to measure the position of the body by using electric field sensor. The main head for developing Personal Area Networks was Thomas G. Zimmerman. He introduces the new technology that allows the body to act like conductor. There was another name Neil Gershenfeld in that field who was in the Massachusett Institute of technology, incharged of the Media and Physics group. He and his group applied a method near -field coupling to solve the problem of determine the accurate position and its relationship with other parts, by fixing pairs of ante nnas on body part for example elbow and hand, and then run an electric current through them. They learned that as one move the capacitance of the circuit was charged. So they determine the exact position of the antennas after measuring the capacitance. There was a problem in the measurement method that the measurement was no longer accurate if hand was placed between the antennas but it was solved by the Zimmerman. There was actually another group working in the Media lab asked them to develop a network such that all electric gadgets that a person can carry are connected together. Many people carried digital devices around thereself but no one communicate to other.For example a person who has a mobile phone, a pager, a PDA or a digital watch mean all about his person at the same time. They both Zimmerman and Gershenfeld learned that, they can represent 1 or 0s, if they modulated the electric field which flowing through a person body,and allowing the body to carry digital information. At the end they discovered that if they used frequency and power that kept very low then the signal will not propagate far beyond the body. It mean that if devices could detect the signal on the body. This used of current at very low or small amount was unnoticed by anyone before. 2.1 Body Area Network Applications There are many possible application for communication like in the hospital, in patients monitoring system at home (post-operative care), use in a large scale throughout the world. There is also a list of BANs usages in various field like in sport, military, mesh, and in sport fields. Body Area Network Sports Applications In the present sporting arena many different readings are possible to take without having an athlete on a treadmill in a laboratory. It provide the platform to measure various levels during different competition in real life, for example in race, where coaches, need his pi athletes strengths and weaknesses. Body Area Mesh Network Applications The body area network consist of low-power and very reliable sensor networking. The low power usage allows longer life Batteries of motes or Gateways. The mesh network provides high reliability and long range communication. Mesh Networking is much more reliable and much capable of data sending Body Area Network Medical Applications Body Area Networks (BANs) can be used to provide interfaces for diagnostics purposes, in the hospital they used for administration of drugs, aid rehabilitation, and for remotely monitoring human physiological data. And for future prospective in hospital or at home it is used for monitoring the patient continuously and give required medication. So by this way patient need no more in the hospital with connected machines for monitoring. Body Area Network Military Applications Body Area Network has done a tremendous job in the military. So many of the military applications that we can use includes, their locations, health monitoring, their temperature and hydration levels, also very useful to enhance the strength, and many more factors for military prospective. 2.2 Body Area Network Devices 2.2.1 Body Area Network Sensors With rapid improvements in medical research, more and more health sensors have been developed to assist caregivers in monitoring their patients conditions. These sensors have been getting smaller, making it possible for the sensors to be worn or to be implanted into the human body. 2.2.2 Body Area Network Actuators The most significant products by any company would be the actuators. we can express an actuator as a device that transforms or converts energy into motion. Also applied as a force, an actuator usually is a mechanical apparatus that takes energy, normally constructed by liquid, air, or electricity, and converts that into a specific kind of motion. This particular product that would help build effective engineering designs in a safe and efficient manner and easily implemented anywhere according to the requirement. [3] 2.2.3 Body Area Network Devices usages Two main non-computer devices (sensors and actuators) can be used in BANs network. The main function of sensors are to measure human body parameters like temperature, electrocardiogram, heart beats rates and the pressure on the joints, These can be taken insidly or outsidely of the human body. Whereas Actuators have some particular action like to get the information received by the sensors and do work on instruction given by web or PDA. They are as following For monitoring muscle activity we can use an EMG (electromyography) sensor . For monitoring brain electrical activity we can use An EEG (electroencephalography) sensor. For monitoring trunk position we can use tilt sensor (TS). For monitoring respiration we can use breathing sensors. For monitoring heart activity we can use ECG (electrocardiogram) sensor. A sensor for blood pressure. To estimate a users activity we used movement sensors (MS). Description: http://www.sintef.no/upload/BAN.jpg Fig 2: A BAN on an Athlete : http://www.sintef.no/home/Information-and-Communication-Technology-ICT/Instrumentation/Biomedical-Instrumentation/Body-Area-Networks/ . 2.3 Body Area Networking Before implementing the Body Area Network, a number of networking issues need to be solved. In this interferences when a node sends data (after processing) directly to central devices there is direct communication that might causes unnecessary rises of temperature in the tissues, there is another way data is sent through intermediate nodes to the destination by multihop communication. The data might pass to other nodes to the way to PDA if node attached to foot, that mean that at the same time the number of data pathways night exist in the same tissues. Node are like routers but it eliminate internal interference and more energy efficient. In PANs communication IEEE 802.15 standard used which basically sure that all group devices in the design of BANs should work with all togather. 2.4 Body Area Network Software UC Berkley in California is developed Tiny OS (Operating System) which is an open sourse operating system in used wireless embedded sensor network.OS is extremely small in sense of memory and code writing which make it suitable for sensor network where they use minimum memory. The search is going on by using this tiny OS in sensor networks to measure some extra ordinary work . For examples sensor networks that are used to monitor volcanic eruptions and tracking/tracing (for help purposes) of fire fighters in buildings. There is a another option available that is toolkit of MSR network embedded sensors that allow user to perform different actions like process the data, collect data, and also visualise data from sensor network. The search is still going on so let us see which development OS or MSR come fist but till yet both available for free download. 3. Challenges of Body Area Networks (BANs) Body Area Networks (BANs) consists of tiny sensor that actually placed around the body (attached on the skin or on the cloths), which take power from attached battery or from body. In BANs all the nodes communicate collectively to the central node (PDA) or other devices which are connected to the internet so data pass through to a particular person or to a particular application. There are a numbers of challenges still in BANs networks which must be overcome by engineer, they are as following: Power sources of life timer needs to be increased in the sensors networks (SN), or adopt different methods to get energy from other sources like body heat so it also should be perfected. The interaction of the different sensors or nodes and the main node like PDA, that should be designed in such a way that it allow some specialist applications to be written to perform particular functions for example disease management. The device needs to be intelligence in sense of memory and processing capabilities for processing, storing and transferring the data. To give a full and clear picture of human physiology, Sensor need to be integrated Physically, Chemically, and Biologically and the BAN components integrated for reliable and cost effective way. 3. Body Area Network User Cases . Body Area Networks (BANs) technology actually develop biomedical engineering according to the natural byproduct of existing sensors. Actually this technology is suitable for any scenario by its low bound of power and bandwidthHowever,there are many potential to use BAN technology due to its flexibility that is as following, Body Sensor Networks (BSNs) Integration of different mobile devices Different personal video devices (VD) Audio system of wireless (WS). Monitoring system for sport and fitness. Each case have unique requirement in term of bandwidth, power usage, signal distance and for latency. These cases use IEEE 802.15 standard which is use for different working group in wireless personal area networks (WPANs). So they think to use this standard within different devices for inside and around the body.And later they develop the standard for BANs and introduces a long range of possible devices to support this standard. For power balance and data rate the task group gave applications and appropriate devices for development. The figure below describe the comparison between power load and data rate in BANs. Fig (1) comparison between data rate and power.[1] In the above picture as we can see the range of different devices which can be used in BANs in comparison of power consumption and data rate. The table below also give us a full picture of devices that conform to work in a similar set of requirement, according to the demand of user case, yet still encompass a wide range and variety of devices Network setup time (Per device setup time excludes network initialization) Network Density 2 4 nets / m2 Startup Time Power Consumption ~1 mW / Mbps Network Size Max: 100 devices / network Latency (end to end) 10 ms Distance 2 m standard 5 m special use Effective sleep modes Operation in global, license-exempt band Effective sleep modes Peer to Peer, and Point to Multi-point communication Future proof Upgradeable, scaleable, backwards compatible Quality of Service Guaranteed Bandwidth Latency (end to end) [1] http://www1.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-08/ftp/ban/index.html 6. Zigbee wireless sensor technology ZigBee is the specification of a low-cost, low-power wireless communications solution design to fulfil the needs and requirement of our architecture. ZigBee is of high level Communication protocols using small, low power digital radios bases on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless personal area Networks (WPANs). The Zigbee protocol standard contains the specifications of the network layer (NWK) and application layer (APL). Inside the application layer, functions are defined separately as the application support sub-layer (APS), the Zigbee device objects (ZDO), the Zigbee device profile (ZDP), the application framework (AF), and Zigbee security services. The comparisons of ISO OSI, TCP/IP, and ZigBee/802.15.4 are shown in the fig below: Fig 6.1.1 Zigbee with OSI Layers. Zigbee builds upon the physical layer and medium access control defined in IEEE standard 802.15.4 (2003 version) for low-rate WPANs. The specification goes on to complete the standard by adding four main components: network layer, application layer, Zigbee device objects (ZDOs) and manufacturer-defined application objects which allow for customization and favor total integration. Besides adding two high-level network layers to the underlying structure, the most significant improvement is the introduction of Zigbee device objects (ZDOs). These are responsible for a number of tasks, which include keeping of device roles, management of requests to join the architecture network, device discovery and security. Fig 6.1.2 Zigbee stack. 4. System Capability Requirements The characteristics of sensor networks and requirements of different applications have a vital role on the network design objectives in terms of network capabilities and network performance. The main design objectives for sensor networks include the following several aspects. Small Node Size:- Reducing node size is one of the primary design objectives of sensor networks. Reducing node size can facilitate node deployment, and also reduce the cost and power consumption of sensor nodes. Low Node Cost:- Reducing node cost is another primary design objective of sensor networks. It is important to reduce the cost of sensor nodes so that the cost of the whole network is reduced. Low Power Consumption:-Power is a major role in any System prospective. Reducing power consumption is the most important objective in the design of a sensor network. Since sensor nodes are powered by battery and it is often very difficult to change their batteries, it is crucial to reduce the power consumption of sensor nodes so that the lifetime of the sensor nodes, as well as the whole network is prolonged. Self Healing:-In sensor networks, sensor nodes are usually deployed in a region of interest without careful planning and engineering. Once deployed, sensor nodes should be able to autonomously organize themselves into a communication network and reconfigure their connectivity in the event of topology changes and node failures. Scalability:-In sensor networks, the number of sensor nodes may be on the order of tens, hundreds, or thousands. Thus, network protocols designed for sensor networks should be scalable to different network sizes. Adaptability:-In sensor networks, a node may fail, join, or move. This result changes in node density and network topology. Thus, network protocols designed for sensor networks should be adaptive to such density and topology changes. Reliability:-For many sensor network applications, it is required that data be reliably delivered over wireless channels. To meet this requirement, network protocols designed for sensor networks must provide error control and correction mechanisms to ensure reliable data delivery. Fault Tolerance:-Sensor nodes should be fault tolerant and have the abilities of self testing, self calibrating, self -repairing, and self recovering. Security:- Sensor nodes are deployed in a hostile environment and thus are vulnerable to adversaries. In such situations, a sensor network should introduce effective security mechanisms to prevent the data information in the network or a sensor node from unauthorized access or malicious attacks. 5. Research Pappers. A number of major operations on Mobilehealth are being conducting all over the world especially in European countries like Sweden, Germany, Spain, and Netherland. It is used to monitor a limited range of condition in patient outside the hospital by the medical personnel. Germany: Telemonitoring of patients with cardiac arrhythmia. The Netherlands: Integrated homecare for women with high-risk pregnancies, Tele trauma team. Spain: Support of home based healthcare services, Outdoor patient rehabilitation. Sweden: Lighthouse alarm and locator trial, Physical activity and impediments to activity for women with RA, Monitoring the vital parameters in patients with respiratory insuffiency, Homecare and remote consultation for recently released patients in a rural area. [3] http://www.mobihealth.org/ But a number of different issues arose as a result of these trials like handover, operator errors, data rate fluctuation, and the most common issue of power supplies insufficient. There are also some other issues like privacy and security (For instance, will the data that is being transferred remain private or is it secure), control and legal issues (may someone send false information to the network ) regarding BANs. If someone tell it to perform some dangerous function like make a patient warm or overdose, or is this legal to inform someone like companies that are interesting about its work weather he/she has weak heart or having any kind of disease in advanced BANs. Lastly some imported functions are operated and controlled by the computer that can be damage or stop working at any stage and the actuators that regulated the flow of certain chemical in the body stop then who is responsible, so these issues need to be address before BANs applied in the daily life routine.

Urban Legend of Bloody Mary :: Urban Legends Ghost Stories

Bloody Mary Part One: Collection of the Story The story of â€Å"Bloody Mary† was told to me by a twenty year old male. He is a current student at a University, studying accountancy. He has very conservative beliefs regarding politics. His father is an insurance broker and his mother stays at home. This story was collected on March 18, 2006, at his residence. This is the story as he told it to me: I originally heard this from my brother when I was like ten years old. I also saw it in the movie Urban Legends. But I’ll tell you the version my brother told me. You have to go into a bathroom in your house. You turn off all of the lights and stand facing away from the mirror. You then spin around thirteen times and say ‘Bloody Mary’ thirteen times. After you finish spinning you turn around and you will see Bloody Mary looking back at you through the mirror. My brother and his friends made me do it one day at my house and nothing happened to me. The teller showed no unusual emotion while retelling this story to me. He was positive that it was not true. He told the story in a mocking tone; he sometimes finished his sentences with laughter or a smile. Part Two: Compare Versions of the Story The story of Bloody Mary is a very extensive urban legend. Bloody Mary is one of many names that can be chanted to summon this ghost. Snopes.com lists that â€Å"Bloody Mary, Bloody Bones, Hell Mary, Mary Worth, Mary Worthington, Mary Whales, Mary Johnson, Mary Lou, Mary Jane, Sally, Kathy, Agnes, Black Agnes, Aggie, Svarte Madame† are all names that have been used in the retelling of this story. With an increased number of retellings comes an increase in the variation between individual stories. The version of the story told to me did not include Bloody Mary punishing the one that summoned her. Versions in which the summoner is punished describe a wide variety of fates.. Snopes.com lists that Bloody Mary â€Å"May strike her summoner dead, drive her mad, or fiercely scratch her face. She may merely peer malevolently out through the mirror, or she may drag one of the girls back through it to live with her.† This legend has several other deviations; such as the number of times you have to say the name of the spirit, and the room in which you perform the ritual. Urban Legend of Bloody Mary :: Urban Legends Ghost Stories Bloody Mary Part One: Collection of the Story The story of â€Å"Bloody Mary† was told to me by a twenty year old male. He is a current student at a University, studying accountancy. He has very conservative beliefs regarding politics. His father is an insurance broker and his mother stays at home. This story was collected on March 18, 2006, at his residence. This is the story as he told it to me: I originally heard this from my brother when I was like ten years old. I also saw it in the movie Urban Legends. But I’ll tell you the version my brother told me. You have to go into a bathroom in your house. You turn off all of the lights and stand facing away from the mirror. You then spin around thirteen times and say ‘Bloody Mary’ thirteen times. After you finish spinning you turn around and you will see Bloody Mary looking back at you through the mirror. My brother and his friends made me do it one day at my house and nothing happened to me. The teller showed no unusual emotion while retelling this story to me. He was positive that it was not true. He told the story in a mocking tone; he sometimes finished his sentences with laughter or a smile. Part Two: Compare Versions of the Story The story of Bloody Mary is a very extensive urban legend. Bloody Mary is one of many names that can be chanted to summon this ghost. Snopes.com lists that â€Å"Bloody Mary, Bloody Bones, Hell Mary, Mary Worth, Mary Worthington, Mary Whales, Mary Johnson, Mary Lou, Mary Jane, Sally, Kathy, Agnes, Black Agnes, Aggie, Svarte Madame† are all names that have been used in the retelling of this story. With an increased number of retellings comes an increase in the variation between individual stories. The version of the story told to me did not include Bloody Mary punishing the one that summoned her. Versions in which the summoner is punished describe a wide variety of fates.. Snopes.com lists that Bloody Mary â€Å"May strike her summoner dead, drive her mad, or fiercely scratch her face. She may merely peer malevolently out through the mirror, or she may drag one of the girls back through it to live with her.† This legend has several other deviations; such as the number of times you have to say the name of the spirit, and the room in which you perform the ritual.

Nisbett Summary Essay

Main Points: Evidence shows that there may be little or no direct introspective access to higher order cognitive processes. Subjects are sometimes (a.) unaware of the existence of a stimulus that importantly influenced a response, (b) unaware of the existence of the response and (c) unaware that the stimulus has affected the response. It is proposed that when people attempt to report on their cognitive processes, they do not do so based on any true introspection. Their reports are based on a priori, implicit casual theories or judgments about the extent to which a particular stimulus is a plausible cause of a given response. Although the evidence points that people are unable to use introspection in respect to cognitive processes, they may sometimes be able to report accurately about them. Accurate reports will occur when influential stimuli are salient and plausible causes of the responses they produce. Notes: * Social psychologists routinely ask subjects in their experiments why they behaved as they did (i.e., why did you choose that graduate school) * Mandler, Miller and Neisser proposed that people may have no direct access to higher order mental processes, such as used in evaluating judgment, problem solving and behavior * Problems with new anti-introspectivist view: (1) Mandler, Miller and Neisser never stated that people have no direct access to higher order mental processes. Instead, the speculation is not based on research on higher order processes, such as â€Å"thinking,† but rather research on more basic processes of perception and memory. There is no conscious awareness of perceptual and memorial processes. (2) People readily answer questions about the reasons for his behavior or evaluations. Subjects usually appear stumped when asked about perceptual or memorial processes, but are quite able to describe why they behaved in such a manner or why they dislike a person. The refore, it would appear like people have some introspective access to a memory or the process involved. (3) The anti-introspectivist view does not allow for the possibility that people are ever correct about their higher order mental processes (intuitively unlikely that such reports are ALWAYS inaccurate). * Much of the evidence that casts doubt on the ability of people to report on their cognitive processes comes from a consideration of what was not published in that literature. A review of the nonpublic research leads to three conclusions: (1) subjects frequently cannot report on the existence of the chief response that was produced by the manipulation (2) even if they can report the existence of the responses, they do not report that a change process (evaluational or attitudinal response underwent any alterations) occurred (3) subjects cannot correctly identify the stimuli that produced the response. * Insufficient justification or dissonance research states if the behavior is intrinsically undesirable will, when performed for inadequate extrinsic reasons, be seen as more attractive if done for adequate reasons. For example, if people have done something unpleasant without adequate justification, it becomes painful – therefore, people will revise his opinion about the behavior in order to avoid the psychic discomfort * Attribution theory – people strive to discover the causes of attitudinal, emotional and behavioral responses (their own and others) and the resulting casual attributions are a chief determinant of a host of additional attitudinal and behavioral effects. For example, if someone tells us that he likes a horror film, our acceptance of the opinion is based on our causal analysis of the persons’ reasons for the evaluation – does he like movies, does he normally like horror films, etc. Insufficient-justification studies and attribution studies where the subject makes inferences about himself have employed behavioral dependent variables. Two studies are discussed, one regarding painful electric shocks and the other with snake-phobic subjects. In the one with the electric shocks, patients were subject to shocks and asked to learn a task. Those with insufficient justification justified taking the shots, by deciding that they were not that painful, so their evaluation of the painfulness of the shots was lowered and their physiological and behavioral indicators reflected this indication. In the second study, subjects underwent the attribution paradigm in which snake-phobic subjects were exposed to slides of snakes and a second slide that stated â€Å"shock† in which they were electrically shocked. As a result, the subjects learned that they were frightened of the shock slide because of the electric shock that accompanied it, but not frightened of the snake slides and realized that they may not be as afraid of snakes as they thought. They were armed with a new self-attribution of snake fearlessness. * Verbal stimuli in the form of instructions from the experimenter can result in a changed evaluation of the relevant stimuli and an altered motivational state, which are reflected in subsequent physiological and behav ioral events. Stimuli => cognitive process => evaluative and motivational state change => behavior change * There is a problem with the assumption that the subject consciously decides how he feels about an object and this evaluation determines his behavior towards it. Typically, behavioral and physiological differences are obtained in the absence of verbally reported differences in evaluations or motive states. * Three generalizations made about the electric shock and snake-phobic studies are: * No significant verbal report differences were found at all. * The behavioral effects were in most cases stronger than the verbal report effects * The correlation between verbal report about motive state and behavioral measures of motive state was found to be zero. Negative/zero correlation are difficult to understand/interpret in terms of the cognitive process involved. * Results from studies confounded the assumption that conscious, verbal cognitive processes result in conscious, verbalizable changes in evaluations or motive states which then mediate changed behavior. * Author provides evidence that casts doubt on the studies that find differences in the verbal reports of experimental and control subjects. There is an important difference between awareness of the existence of an evaluation (does not imply true recognition of the process induced by insufficient justification and attribution manipulations – they are not aware that a change has taken place in consequence of such manipulations) and awareness of a changed evaluation or motive state. An experiment was done in which people had to write essays opposing their own views. Subjects who were coerced into writing essays showed no change in evaluation of the topic. Those who were given insufficient justification or manipulated shifted their evaluations in the direction of the position they originally opposed. However, those who were given insufficient justification or manipulation reported that their attitudes towards the subject were no different after the essay than they were one week prior-this suggests that they were unaware that the evaluation has changed. * Thought process – a study is described in which a control group was subjected to electric shocks while the experimental group was given a placebo pill that reportedly helped with the electric shocks. The experimental group was able to take more shock. After the study, 9 out of 12 subjects stated that the pill did not cause some physical effects and that they were only worried about the shock. * The explanations that subjects offer for their behavior in insufficient-justification and attribution experiments are so removed from the processes that investigators doubt there is direct access to higher level cognitive processes. * Results of insufficient justification experiments could never be obtained if subjects were aware of the critical role played by the social pressure from the experimenter. If subjects realized that their behavior was produced by this social pressure, they would not change their attitudes. If people were aware of position effects on their evaluations, they would attempt to overcome these effects or counteract the influence (i.e., see below about helping someone in distress with many people around – may be more willing to help someone knowing that naturally people are less likely to help others with more people around). * The theory that people can respond to a stimulus in the absence of the ability to verbally report on its existence is more widely accepted now than years before. The new acceptance is due to (1) methodological innovations in the form chiefly of signal detection techniques and dichotic listening procedures and (2) persuasive theoretical arguments in regards to deriving the subliminal perception phenomenon from the notion of selective attention and filtering. An experiment was done regarding playing tone sequences into an attended and unattended auditory channel while subjects tracked a human voice in the attended channel. Subjects reported hearing nothing at all in the unattended channel. Subjects were unable to discriminate new from old stimuli at a level exceeding change, but preferred tone sequences previously presented to the unattended channel over novel stimuli. The conclusion is that affective processes are triggered by information that is too weak to provide verbal recognition. * Many more stimuli are apprehended than can be stored in short-term or long-term memory. Subliminal perception (we perceive without perceiving) can be derived as a logical consequence of the principle of selective filtering. We can perceive without remembering. The subliminal perception hypothesis: some stimuli may affect ongoing mental processes, without being registered in short-term memory or long-term memory. It also suggests that people may sometimes be unable to report even the existence of influential stimuli and, as reported by creative people (see next bullet point), this may frequently be the case in problem-solving. * How creative people (artists, writers, mathematicians, scientists and philosophers) speak about the process of production and problem solving: they state they are the first to witness the fruits of a problem-solving process that is almost completely hidden from conscious view. For these people, the y have no idea what factors prompted the solution and the fact that a process is taking place is sometimes unknown to them prior to the point that a solution appears in consciousness. * People are increasingly less likely to help others in distress as the number of witnesses or bystanders increases. However, subjects always claim that their behavior was not influenced by other people around them. * The authors performed a series of small studies to fill in the gaps from the other studies, choosing cognitive processes that were used routinely with minimal deception. The results were not as expected: most of the stimuli the authors expected to influence subjects’ responses turned out to have no effect, and many of the stimuli that the authors expected to have no effect turned out to be influential. Subjects were virtually never accurate in their reports – if the stimulus component had a significant effect on responses, subjects typically reported that it was noninfluential. * Erroneous reports about stimuli influencing associative behavior: 81 students in introductory psychology were asked to memorize a list of words that may target them towards a response. When asked if the words memorized affected them, they stated distinctive features of the product (Tide is the b est known detergent) rather than the words leading them to say Tide. They also did an awareness ratio for the target words – the results were that for some of the target words the subjects reported no influence and for others many more subjects reported an influence than were probably influenced. * Erroneous reports about the influence of an individual’s personality on reactions to his physical characteristics: A study, known as the halo effect, showed that the manipulated warmth or coldness of an individual’s personality had a large effect on rating of the attractiveness of his appearance, speech and mannerisms. Many subjects actually insisted that their feelings about the individual’s appearance, etc. had influenced their liking of him/her. * The studies discussed do not suffice that people could never be accurate about the processes involved. The studies indicate that introspective access as may exist is not sufficient to produce accurate reports about the role of critical stimuli in response to questions asked a few min utes or seconds after the stimuli have been processed or response produced. People often make assertions about mental events to which they may have no access and these assertions may bear little resemblance to the actual events. * Evidence indicates it may be misleading for social scientists to ask their subjects about the influences on their evaluations, choices or behavior – those reports may have little value. Observers who read reports from experiments reported similarly to how subjects themselves predicted how they would react to the stimulus situation (e.g., other people around would not affect their behavior) – therefore, since their reports are similar, it is unnecessary to assume that observers are drawing on â€Å"a fount of privileged knowledge† when they make their predictions on how they would act. * A Priori Casual theories may have any of several origins: * The culture of subculture may have explicit rules stating the relationship between a particular stimulus and a particular response (I came to a stop because the light changed) * The culture of subculture may supply implicit theories about causal relations (one particular stimulus may â€Å"psychologically imply† a particular response) – Jim gave flowers to Amy so she’s acting nice today. * An individual may hold a particular causal theory on the basis of empirical observation of covariation between stimuli of the general type and responses of the general type (I’m groggy today – I always get grouchy when I don’t break 100 in golf). However, it has been found that powerful covariations may go undetected when the individual lacks a theory leading him to suspect covariation and, conversely, that the individual may perceive covariation where there is none if he has a theory leading him to expect it. * In absence of a culturally supplied rule, implicit causal theory or assumption about covariation, people may be able to generate causal hypotheses linking even novel stimuli and novel responses. If the stimulus is connotatively similar to the response, then it may be reported as having influenced the response. * The authors state that they are not implying that a priori causal theories are wrong – verbal reports relying on such theories will typically be wrong because they are incorrectly applied in the particular instance. * Therefore, when subjects were asked about their cognitive processes, they may have done something that felt like introspection, but was only merely a simple judgment of the extent to which input was a representative or plausible cause of output. It seems like people, when interrogated about cognitive processes, resort to a pool of culturally supplied explanations for behavior or search through a network of connotative relations until they find an explan ation. * Criterion for awareness: should not be equated with â€Å"correct verbal report† but, instead, â€Å"verbal report which exceeds in accuracy that obtained from observers provided with a general description of the stimulus and response in question.† * Accuracy and inaccuracy in verbal explanations: Tversky and Kahneman proposed that a chief determinant of judgments about the frequency and probability of events is the availability in memory of the events at the time of judgment. Events are judged as frequent in proportion to their availability, and their availability is determined by such factors as the strength of the network of verbal associations that spontaneously call the events to mind. The representativeness and availability heuristics are undoubtedly intertwine in the appraisal of cause and effect relations. If a particular stimulus is not available, then it will not be adduced in explanation of a given effect, even thought it might be highly representative or plausible once called to mind. A second circumstance that decreases accuracy in self-report is a separation in time between the report of the actual occurrence of the process. If asked immediately after the occurrence about a cognitive process, the subjects are leas t aware of the existence of the effective stimuli at this point although here may be no direct access to process. Subjects have some chance of accurately reporting that a particular stimulus was influential. At a later point, the existence of the stimulus may be forgotten or the vagaries of memory may invent factors that were not there, and there would be little chance it would be correctly identified as influential. * Reports will be accurate when influential stimuli are (1) available and (2) plausible causes of the response and when (3) few or no plausible but noninfluential factors are available (if a stranger hits you, you respond afterwards that you do not like the person) * There is some evidence that when even relatively minor steps are taken to disguise the connection between stimulus and response, subjects will fail to report such a connection. * In general, people will be accurate in reports about the causes of their behavior and evaluations wherever the culture, or a subculture, specifies clearly what stimuli should produce which responses, and especially where there is continuing feedback from the culture or subculture concerning the extent to which the individual is following the prescribed rules for input and output. * It seems likely that there are regularities concerning the conditions that give rise to introspective certainty about cognitive processes. Confidence should be high when the causal candidates are (1) few in number, (2) perceptually or memorially salient, (3) highly plausible causes of the given outcome (especially where the basis of plausibility is an explicitly cultural rule) and (4) where the causes have been observed to be associated with the outcome in the past. * Confusion between content and process: an important source of the authors’ belief in introspective awareness is undoubtedly related to the fact that people do have direct access to a great storehouse of private knowledge. People do have access to a host of personal historical facts, they know the focus of their attention at any given point in time and have knowledge concerning his emotions, evaluations and plans superior to that of observers. Therefore, it is less surprising that people would persist in believing that they have direct access to their own cognitive processes. The only mystery lies in why people are so poor at telling the difference between private facts that can be known with near certainty and mental processes to which there may be no access at all. We are also often capable of describing intermediate results (or intermediate output) of a series of mental operations in a way that promotes the feeling that we are describing the operations themselves. For example, one psychology professor may state that they envisioned monkeys swinging from trees, which lead to finding a cord-swinging solution – however, it is scarcely reasonable to propose that such imagery was the process by which the problem was solved. * The authors argued that perceived covariation between stimuli and responses is determined more by causal theories than by actual covariation. There are probably some cases where individuals have idiosyncratic reactions to a particular stimulus that only have knowledge of. For example, a person may believe that he generally loathes strangers who slap him on the back and this belief may make him superior to observers in explaining his feelings in such a situation – however, the authors believe this situation is rare. * Occasionally, noninfluential stimuli may be more vivid and available to the individual than to an outside observer and thus the observer might sometimes be more accurate by virtue of disregarding noninfluential stimuli. * Another reason for the writers belief in introspective awareness stems from lack of feedback. Disconfirmation of hypotheses about the workings of our minds is hard to come by. If an insomniac believes that he is unable to get to sleep because of the stress of his life situation, he will always be able to find evidence supporting this view. * Final belief to sustain the writers’ belief in direct introspective awareness is motivational. It is naturally preferable for us to believe that we have access to the workings of our own mind. Conclusions: * People often cannot report accurately on the effects of particular stimuli on higher order, inference-based responses. Indeed, sometimes they cannot report on the existence of critical stimuli, sometimes cannot report on the existence of their responses, and sometimes cannot e even report that an inferential process of any kind has occurred. The accuracy of subjective reports is so poor as to suggest that any introspective access that may exist is not sufficient to produce generally reliable reports. * When people report on the effects of stimuli, they may base their reports on implicit, a priori theories about the casual connection between stimulus and response instead of discussing a memory of the cognitive process that operated on the stimuli. If the stimulus psychologically implies the response in some way or seems â€Å"representative† of the types of stimuli that influence the response, the stimulus is reported to have influenced the response. If the stimulus does not seem to be a plausible cause of the response, it is reported to be noninfluential. * Sometimes subjective reports about higher mental processes are correct, but these instances are not due to direct introspective awareness. Rather, they are due to the incdentially correct employment of a priori causal theories.