Cause of Bronchitis and Tests Done To Determine It

Cause of Bronchitis and Tests Done To Determine It The most common disease associated with respiratory system is bronchitis. It is often accompanied by a cold or flu and affects people regardless of age. If your immune system is weak or you are a chain smoker, then you are greatly exposed to develop chronic bronchitis. In few cases, developing asthmatic bronchitis is also possible. Smoking is considered to be a serious cause of bronchitis which can lead to other complications like pneumonia. The substances found in cigarettes as well other tobacco causes bronchial tubes irritation. Environmental pollution and exposures to chemicals can also lead to developing chronic bronchitis. In addition, second-hand smokes as shown in some studies can also cause chronic bronchitis. Mostly, chronic bronchitis is diagnosed among metal molders, grain handlers, coal miners, and other dust-related occupation. Symptoms of chronic bronchitis worsen if air pollutants and sulfur dioxide also increases. However, bronchitis is brought about by viruses. Within a few days, these viruses may disappear without medications. If bacteria is the cause of bronchitis, then antibiotics is needed to completely overcome it. Bronchitis can either be chronic or acute. Acute bronchitis generates extreme symptoms. It normally clears up immediately if viruses caused it. Chronic bronchitis produces milder symptoms but later on can aggravate. This is often persistent with recidivating character. Chronic bronchitis requires continuous treatment to prevent symptoms from recurring. Bronchitis manifests different symptoms including coughs, breath shortness, soreness, discomfort, excessive mucus production, headache, wheezing, chest pain, and fever. Fever is present due to bacteria infections posing any possible complications. Among the COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases) illnesses, bronchitis mostly affects more people. And despite its large affected population, it is usually misdiagnosed. Insufficient clinical examination can misinterpret bronchitis with allergies, asthma, and sinusitis. The doctor will ask your medical background which includes pervious and recent smoking habits. Your endurance is also questioned whether or not it is easy for you to climb stairs or walk a long distance. Using a stethoscope, the doctor will examine your chest and back and listen to your normal breathing. In this way, signs of bronchitis can be determined. However, the best way to confirm the presence and seriousness of bronchitis is to undergo PFT or pulmonary function tests. Keep in mind that these tests can be done if causes are known. It includes: Spirometry. An instrument called spirometer is utilized to measure the air inhaled and exhaled from your lungs. Air volumes are measured to determine the ability of your lungs to hold and exhale air. Peak flow meter. It measures the PEFR (peak expiratory flow rate). PEFR is the maximum quantity of air that you can exhale upon forced exhalation. Chest x-ray. This is suggested by a doctor to know if pneumonia problems are present. Mild x-ray changes can be a sign of chronic bronchitis. ABG (arterial blood gas) test. This determines the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen in your blood. A blood is drawn from your artery. The procedure can make you very uncomfortable. Analysis of your blood gas is useful if oxygen therapy can be advised in case your blood oxygen is very low. Additional tests are necessary if other problems related to your health are involved. If infections are present, sputum and blood tests as well as cultures are conducted to determine the causes of infections. There are different factors when considering treatments for bronchitis. If it is not caused by bacteria, unblocking the obstruction from the airways is done. Medical treatments inhaled medications helpful in unblocking the air passages of your respiratory tract. Bronchodilators are widely used for asthmatic bronchitis and chronic bronchitis.

Relative Rates of Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions Lab Report - 1

Relative Rates of Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions - Lab Report Example In SN2 mechanisms, primary alkyl halides reacted faster than tertiary ones while in SN1 mechanism the tertiary alkyl halides reacted faster than primary ones. It was concluded that aprotic, polar solvents favoured SN2 reactions while SN1 reactions were favoured by protic, polar solvents. Nucleophilic substitution reactions occur by two major pathways namely SN1 and the SN2 reactions (McMurry 228). In all nucleophilic substitution reactions, the nucleophile (Nu:-) reacts with the substrate (R-X) and substitutes it for a leaving group (X:-) yielding the product R-Nu. For a neutral nucleophile (Nu:), the product is positively charged for charge conservation while for a negatively charged nucleophile (Nu:-), the product is neutral (McMurry 228). In SN2, which stands for substitution nucleophilic bimolecular, the alkyl halide and the nucleophile are involved at the transition state (Carey 306). Bond formation between carbon and the nucleophile aids in cleavage of the bond between carbon and the leaving group. In the changeover position, the carbon atom is partially bonded to the leaving group and the incoming nucleophile (Carey 307). Since the nucleophile attacks the substrate from the side that is opposite the bond to the leaving group, the mechanism leads to the inversion of configuration in the resultant product. Different rates are observed when methyl, primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl halides undergo nucleophilic substitution in SN2 (Carey 310). The rate is faster in methyl halides than in tertiary halides due to steric hindrance offered to the nucleophilic attack by the tertiary halides. In most SN2 reactions, the leaving group is expelled with a negative charge. Therefore, the best leaving groups are those that produce the most stables anions (McMurry 233). Among the halides, I- ion is the most reactive while F- ion is the least reactive. Most aprotic polar solvents cause the solvation of the metal counterion that is

Consumer Decision-Making Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Consumer Decision-Making Process - Essay Example This necessity or want could be triggered by wanting to satisfy a need which arises due to internal stimuli, such as thirst, hunger, etc. (Anonymous). This need can also be sparked by external stimuli such as advertisements, or when your friend buys a new car or a new pair of shoes. At this stage, online marketers should make effective use of the internet to stimulate recognition of this need (Philip Kotler, 2009). They generally start off by collecting information from consumers, about their lifestyles, the products they use, important events in their lives, through online surveys and questionnaires. In the internet world, customers tend to search for pages that they want to browse through. Marketers use the traditional method of using banners and ads to attract customers. Some even use pop-up sites to get the consumer’s attention. A study conducted by IIfeld and Winer showed that about 88 internet companies got frequent hits online due to banner advertising (Limbada, 2006). Online Companies such as amazon.com and easyjet.com use this technique effectively. Not only does it use animated banners and images, Amazon displays links such as â€Å"what customers are looking for† and â€Å"best-sellers†, which could arouse a certain need in the customer. Another need recognition technique could include responding to keywords on search engines. When a customer types a keyword such as ‘airline’ on google.com, Emirates or Air Canada are usually the first two options that appear on the search list. This search list order could be a vital technique for marketing. If the customer initially wanted to travel via Qatar Airways, but the search list brought Emirates on the top, the customer could decide to Emirates instead. Discussion blogs in newsgroups etc. could also help catch the eye of the consumer. Information Search begins once a consumer has identified his need. There are various ways to search for information regarding the product tha t the consumer wants to purchase. By searching, he can find out all his options, the various brands that are available, the different prices, design, etc. (Krishnamurthy, 2006).The extensiveness of this search depends upon how valuable this product is. If, for example, the customer wants a camera, he will research more rigorously about the various alternatives that are available. This way the customer gathers a whole bank of information and companies such as auto trader help direct the customer towards the choice the suits him the most.

Technological Frontier :: essays research papers

America has been a country full of optimism, perseverance, and freedom of ideas and beliefs. The frontier- a mental or physical area where much remains to be done- is a belief that has and still propels and influences America today. The technological frontier is probably the most influenced by the frontier belief. There is always room for better in technology. The technological advancements in the past 50 years outnumber the amount advancements from the beginning of time up to 50 years ago. Technological advancements have made it easier to for humans to live and adapt to their universe. Technology has expanded exponentially from the beginning of time until the 90's. In the 90's technological advancements have taken off at a higher exponential rate. For every frontier that appears to be complete, a new frontier has opened up and is unsolved. The frontier consists of branches that have branches themselves, resembling a tree. The frontier is far from ending, if there is an ending. Duri ng this rapid technological advancement period where we are trying to fulfill that long-term, near perfect technology, there have been short-term constraints in technology that have and will continue to open new branches in technology. Engineers have been trained to discover new technologies that enhance human life by designing new products and things that make life easier and safer for everyone. Engineers are obligated to use their skills, intelligence and apply their knowledge to promote human welfare. An example of this has been the advancement of communications. Instead of sending a letter to a family member or loved one by pony express, now one can send mail in just seconds through e-mail. This technological advancement makes it easier and better to communicate that is satisfying to humans. These advancements in the long term will have small constraints, but in the short term there're broader constraints and limits. Email about five years ago could only be accessed through internet service providers such as: AOL, Prodigy, CompuServe, TexasNet, and institution accounts. Now email can be retrieved and sent over the internet without having these big name internet service providers. There are now services like Yah oo, Hotmail, Rocketmail, and Juno that offer free email accounts over the web for any one. Within the past few years, technology has allowed email users to send voice and video emails, which was impossible before. Email still has delays ranging from a few seconds to a few minutes when you send your email over the internet.

Life’s Dispute

It is interesting to explore the work of art of Ernest Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms. In the story, it gives the readers a sense of responsibility hand in hand with intense love for someone that the protagonist has to his beloved. The blend of one’s conviction and love are the focal elements in the author’s masterpiece.As the author shed light to the intriguing scenario of the story, at some point, the readers would have passionate longing and at the same time a huge responsibility to his craft. It is indeed in this story that the author uses the realities of life which truly give emphasis to the norm of the story.Furthermore, A Farewell to Arms involves a great representation of one’s ideals in life. On how the central character portrays his conviction all through out the story is the essential part of this paper. The elaboration of ideals as well as realities of life will be presented in this dissertation.In lieu of the story, Frederick Henry is the lea ding character. He’s a volunteer ambulance driver which has a huge responsibility in the realm that he is into but at the same time, at the back of his mind, he is thinking about the indifferent world. Accordingly, he does his work efficiently but along the way, he makes a gesture that he misses the point wherein the essentiality his work does not serve his persona anymore.In addition to the protagonist ideals in life, it was characterized in the story how he passionately fall in love with Catherine with whom he focuses his attention. The deep rooted feelings that he established towards Catherine truly leave a mark to his character and on the later part of the story, it was clearly shown how he stand with his love despite the challenges that comes their way.Catherine Barkley was said to be the one behind the character of Frederick Henry. She was once loose her fiancà ©. She met Frederick Henry in the hospital. They both got attracted with each other which lead them to have a relationship. Their affair was intensely depicted in the story which enlightens the very essence of A Farewell to Arms. Catherine’s character without a doubt had a huge impact to Frederick Henry’s character. She simply defines the perseverance of the central character by using their love as central element, â€Å"I want what you want.There is no any me any more just what you want† (Hemingway, p.106). The characteristic of Frederick Henry is not the serious type when it comes to relationship, â€Å"I did not love Catherine Barkley nor had any idea of loving her. This was a game, like bridge, in which you said things instead of playing cards. Like bridge you had to pretend you were playing for money or playing for some stakes. Nobody had mentioned what the stakes were† (Hemingway, p. 31). As Frederick Henry had an attachment to Catherine, his feelings transforms in a much deeper character of a man with conviction to his girl.On the later part of the story when Catherine had difficulty in her pregnancy and to the extent that she looses her life with their baby, it expounds the strength in the leading role’s character as he stand firm and with open arms accept the challenges of life. Truly, the world is indifferent in the eyes of Frederick Henry but because of Catherine’s contributions to his life, he became strong with a grip to love the life that he has.Rinaldi, a physician and a friend to Frederick Henry was one of the contributing characters in the story. Through this man, it draws a picture of concentrated aim for the best. He focuses his attention to two things – war and country. This man talks about medal of bravery and development in ones craft. Indeed, it gives the leading character to have a perception as regards to work as well as to excel in his field.Passini, another effective character in A Farewell to Arms delineates the intention of the story. Considering his character, his views in life was to quit with what he is doing.He wanted to end the war just like that because he does not appreciate anymore the imperative task he is portraying, â€Å"One side must stop fighting. Why don't we stop fighting† (Hemingway, p.51). Unfortunately, he died in the event of the story, and this circumstance serves an eye opener to the protagonist that when you relinquish the struggle, you almost surrender yourself.

Allegorical Features Of Animal Farm - 2086 Words

Allegorical Features in Animal Farm Chapter I Introduction An allegory is a narrative story with duel level of understanding. We got the word allegory from the Latin word allegoria . First, there is the plot of the story. Then there is a representation which inscribes an indication of the surface presentation. The allegory symbolically can be means as historical or philosophical, poletical or religious. Allegories are like massive metaphors, but they usually come in narrative form, i.e they are told through stories. In an allegory authors generally use their characters, settings and plot to entertain, while simultaneously delivering a moral, lesson or even a commentary on big concepts like religion, institutions and the government. For example a story about aliens who find themselves isolated and alone in a strange new world can be an allegory for what immigrants experience in a new countries. There is one way to think about allegories i.e. as extended metaphors, or comparisons, between two things, usually regarded as unalike. Since they are intended to make big concepts much more accessible, allegories are not always obvious. There are different types of allegory such as:- Classical Allegory In classical allegory their two best known allegories, they are the cave in Plato s republic and the story of the stomach members in the speech of Menenius Agrippa. In late antiquity Martianus Capella organised all the informationShow MoreRelatedThe Novel Animal Farm 1362 Words   |  6 PagesExplain the type of conflict explored in your novel (character vs. man/self/nature/society). Use details from the novel to support your response. From a broad perspective, numerous conflicts emerge throughout the course of the novel Animal Farm, whether it be Man vs. Man or Man vs. Society. In further elaboration upon this reality, Snowball and Napoleon, two noteworthy pigs, conspicuously disagree on numerous topics-of-interest. Evidence from the text that further bolsters this claim is shown whenRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell1397 Words   |  6 PagesAn important quote by the influential author of Animal Farm, George Orwell, is, â€Å"Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism.† George Orwell, a Democratic Socialist, wrote the book Animal Farm as an attack on the Communist country of Russia (â€Å"The Political Ideas of George Orwell,† worldsocialism.org). He had a very strong disliking of Communism and the Socialist party of Russia. However, he insisted on finding the truthRead MoreGeorge Orwells Use of Language Technique s to Represent Power in Animal Farm1408 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Orwells Use of Language Techniques to Represent Power in Animal Farm Power corrupts, but absolute power corrupts absolutely; and this is eloquently proved in George Orwells novel Animal Farm. In this satirical fable, Orwell uses his allegorical farm to candidly illustrate the corruptive nature of power and to symbolise the communist system in the microcosm of a farmyard barn. George Orwell was the pen name of Eric Blair, a British political novelist andRead MoreGeorge Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four: Modernist Fable1767 Words   |  8 Pages to some extent, developed in the nineteenth century, Orwell’s works do not fall into this category. 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But where Animal Farm is clearly an allegorical fable, Nineteen Eighty-four is in many ways a very concrete and naturalistic portrayal of the future as a consequenceRead MoreLiterature and South Africa6682 Words   |  27 Pageswas walling in or walling out†. Principles of repetition are also used in â€Å"Something there is that doesn’t love a wall† and â€Å"Good fences make good neighbours†. One aspect of intratextual code is its advocation for recognition of visible concrete features of a text. The use of the lyrical voice â€Å"I† and â€Å"neighbour† to draw closer to and alienate the other from the reader strikes one as a code that demands recoding and overcoding. Paradigmatic links in wall, hill, line and fences; loaves, balls, bouldersRead MoreLiterature and South Africa6676 Words   |  27 Pageswas walling in or walling out†. Principles of repetition are also used in â€Å"Something there is that doesn’t love a wall† and â€Å"Good fences make good neighbours†. One aspect of intratextual code is its advocation for recognition of visible concrete features of a text. The use of the lyrical voice â€Å"I† and â€Å"neighbour† to draw closer to and alienate the other from the reader strikes one as a code that demands recoding and overcoding. Paradigmatic links in wall, hill, line and fences; loaves, balls, bouldersRead MoreGrammar: Figures of Speech5410 Words   |  22 Pagessymbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction lie hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence. Ex. â€Å"Animal Farm† George Orwell Alliteration - The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonants in tow or more neighboring words (as in â€Å"she sells sea shells). Although the term is not used frequently inRead MorePre-Spanish Period8197 Words   |  33 PagesFilipino gods and their deeds. Songs and verses filled early religious practices: to express devotion, to atone for sins, to minister to the sick, and to bury the dead.Verses were composed also to pray for abundance and happiness: in the home, on the farm, on the sea, and elsewhere. In like manner, verses aired love for and loyalty to the barangay and its rulers. These were supplemented by accounts of battle (kudanag), songs of victory (tagumpay, talindad), songs of hanging a captured enemy (sambotanRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 PagesWhat visible changes take place in his situation, in his character, or in both? What does he discover and learn as the result of his experiences? To what extent does Robin repr esent a kind of everyman figure whose urban adventures have symbolic or allegorical implications? Now we are in a position to propose a theme for the story and, having done so, to defend our thesis in the form of a critical analysis that will relate all the significant aspects of the story – especially character, event, and point

To See, or Not to See. Evil Exists and Grows. - 973 Words

When a small amount of evil is seen yet disregarded, the ignorance breathes life. The evil grows and strengthens, gradually taking over any good that may be left. But when evil is all around and good is hard to come by, does that same evil now become normal? During a time of war, good people become killers and bad people become customary. The fine line between good and evil becomes blurred into a senseless smudge in the eye of reality. The good people now, whilst protecting their freedom and family, are simultaneously destroying the families of those unknown individuals who become numbered fatalities. Ignoring evil allows it to happen, but there comes a time when evil overpowers any good that may try to stop it. Like a single person†¦show more content†¦(Butcher, Mineka, and Hooley ). Wars breed new cases of PTSD regularly, from the bystanders who cannot find the communal strength to dampen the up rise of impending evil, to the soldiers who take lives to save their own. It c an be assumed that Georg Trakl experienced great stress while serving as a chemist in the Austrian army. His poem, â€Å"Grodek† was his last before he sadly took his own life, unable to live with the painful memories of being in Poland with those suffering soldiers whom he was unable to help. Trakl’s poem is a cry out for help, a vivid description of the blood that so many shed. His voice is noticeably depressed and mournful, wishing that things played out differently. When a man who wanted so badly to help his comrades and stop the war is powerless and vulnerable, post traumatic stress disorder can ensue, and prolong the suffering. To learn and grow from both the works of Georg Trakl and Bertolt Brecht, society needs to acknowledge the pain that is caused by war, regardless of position or innocence of character. War makes good people evil, and evil people stand out. There are no winners, yet everyone is susceptible to the suffering that follows. Although Martin Luthe r King suggests that our generation must repent the â€Å"silence and indifference of the good people†, we must also recognize that oneShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Delinquent Essay1102 Words   |  5 Pagesnot given the same sentences as adults when it comes to the punishment part. The argument for juvenile delinquents is, if they are born evil or is it part of the environment and or society. Are juveniles who commit a crime really naturally evil as many suggest, or are they their own products of the environment/society they live in? Are juveniles naturally born evil is a question that everyone asks. According to society every juvenile that commits a crime is born with it naturally. A Biological TheoryRead MoreThe Logical Problem Of Evil Essay1225 Words   |  5 PagesIn this paper I will discuss the logical problem of evil and how it seems to reject the existence of God as an omni-3 being. 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I will try to answer the problemRead More Use of Allegory and Symbols in William Goldgings Lord of the Flies 1346 Words   |  6 Pagesallegorically shows the good and evil that co-exists in every human being.   Each character and symbol renders this possible by what it represents.   Ralph and Jack allegorically represent opposing political forces: Jack as the dictator or fascist and Ralph as the prototype of a democratic leader.   The island represents the archetypal garden and the conch shell represents power.   Golding uses British schoolboys to show progressive degeneration and to prove that a little bit of evil exists in all of us.   Each ofRead MoreNatural Evil826 Words   |  4 Pagesfree o f sin and where we could co-exist with wild animals, the lion with the sheep eating side by side and with us, without fear. I want to start form the beginning so we can understand how and when sin and evil entered the world. This happened when man (Adam) sinned against God; Adam disobeyed God by eating the fruit that God had said not to eat. There is way’s to see this problem of what we call evil, not sin since sin is against God. We can see in Job all the evil that came to him (it wasn’t fromRead MoreEssay on One Argument for Gods Existence1441 Words   |  6 Pagesexplanations that explain if God truly does exist. One such explanation is the Teleological Argument, which bases its explanation of the existence of God on the design and purpose of known things. For instance, we know that there are trees and plants, and that they need sunlight and water in order to grow. Those trees and plants grow from the ground, which is part of the earth. The earth is part of th e universe and God had created the universe hence God does exist. The universe works all too perfectRead MoreThe Argument Of God s Existence1737 Words   |  7 PagesBEST EXPLANATION Does God exist? This question has been in debate for centuries with many opposing views, some arising from philosophers on the same side while others refute Gods existence altogether. However for this particular paper I will be taking the best explanations approach. What I mean by this is I do not have proof of God’s existence but the existence of God is the best explanation for the universe around me. With this statement in mind we will discuss arguments in support of God’s existenceRead MoreEthics Is Subjective, Good, And Bad1746 Words   |  7 Pagesand protecting other people from harm. However, there are others on this earth that are raised to believe that killing and stealing is neutral and not evil in any way. This idea can be thought of as this: it is possible to grow up in the United States, where it is common knowledge of what neutral, good, and bad are. However it is also possible to grow up in a terrorist organization somewhere else in the world. Growing up in this type of environment would promote killing the innocent and stealing fromRead More Good and Evil in Beowulf Essay830 Words   |  4 PagesGood and Evil in Beowulf   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Beowulf, the conflict between good and evil is the poems main and most important aspect. The poet makes it clear that good and evil do not exist as only opposites, but that both qualities are present in everyone. Beowulf represents the ability to do good, or to perform acts selflessly and in help of others. Goodness is also showed throughout this epic as having the ability to cleanse evil. Even though evil is presented by Grendel, Grendels mother, andRead More Evil and Morality Essay1266 Words   |  6 Pagesdeal too many people; however does his existence mean that he can control evil and morality in humans? Human beings are born every second, minute, and hour of the day. Each human being born will hopefully grow up and make something of themselves, to ultimately become contributing members of society. In order to do so, each individual human being may battle what many before him or her may battle each day, and that is evil and morality and possibly the existence of a God that could control one or